<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2021-36-4-99-106</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-1293</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Молекулярно-генетическое исследование клинических и когнитивных характеристик шизофрении: отсутствие ассоциаций с генами SОD2, GSTO1, NQO1</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Molecular genetic study of clinical and cognitive features of schizophrenia: No associations with genes SOD2, GSTO1, NQO1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1504-7966</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полтавская</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poltavskaya</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной генетики и биохимии</p><p> 634014, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Алеутская, 4 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Cand. Sci. (Med.), Research Scientist, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry</p><p> 4, Aleutskaya str., Tomsk, 634014, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egboyarko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-6314</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федоренко</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorenko</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> д-р мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной генетики и биохимии</p><p> 634014, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Алеутская, 4 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sci. (Med.), Leading Research Scientist, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry </p><p> 4, Aleutskaya str., Tomsk, 634014, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">f_o_y@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-9727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнетова</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kornetova</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> д-р мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отделения эндогенных расстройств</p><p> 634014, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Алеутская, 4 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sci. (Med.), Leading Research Scientist, Department of Endogenous Disorders </p><p> 4, Aleutskaya str., Tomsk, 634014, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kornetova@sibmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-323X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> д-р мед. наук, профессор, заместитель директора по научной работе; профессор кафедры психиатрии, наркологии и психотерапии, Сибирский государственный медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</p><p> 634014, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Алеутская, 4 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Deputy Director for Research; Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, and Psychotherapy, Siberian State Medical University </p><p> 4, Aleutskaya str., Tomsk, 634014, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivanovaniipz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт психического здоровья, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>36</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Полтавская Е.Г., Федоренко О.Ю., Корнетова Е.Г., Иванова С.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Полтавская Е.Г., Федоренко О.Ю., Корнетова Е.Г., Иванова С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Poltavskaya E.G., Fedorenko O.Y., Kornetova E.G., Ivanova S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1293">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1293</self-uri><abstract><p>Основные особенности шизофрении характеризуются тремя доменами симптомов, включающими позитивные симптомы, негативные симптомы и когнитивный дефицит, взаимное перекрытие которых образует полиморфизм его клинических проявлений. Ранее в молекулярно-генетических исследованиях были обнаружены значительные генетические перекрытия между когнитивными способностями и риском развития шизофрении. Последние данные свидетельствуют о том, что окислительный стресс может играть важную роль в патофизиологии шизофрении.Цель исследования: исследовать ассоциации полиморфизмов генов антиоксидантных ферментов SOD2, GSTO1, NQO1 с клиническими характеристиками шизофрении и выраженностью когнитивного дефицита.Материал и методы. Проведено комплексное обследование 457 пациентов с диагнозом «шизофрения». Из общей группы обследованных пациентов у 150 больных шизофренией проведена оценка когнитивных функций с использованием шкалы BACS. Контрольную группу составили 135 здоровых человек, соответствующих по полу и возрасту группе пациентов. У них осуществлена оценка когнитивных функций. Генотипирование SOD2 (rs4880), GSTO1 (rs4925), NQO1 (rs1800566) проведено методом ПЦР в реальном времени.Результаты. При проведении анализа распределения генотипов и аллелей полиморфных вариантов генов антиоксидантных ферментов SOD2, GSTO1, NQO1 не было выявлено ассоциаций исследуемых локусов с шизофренией в русской популяции сибирского региона. Также не было обнаружено ассоциаций с клиническим полиморфизмом шизофрении (тип течения, ведущая симптоматика (позитивная или негативная), возраст начала заболевания). Когнитивные способности больных шизофренией и здоровых лиц ожидаемо различались, однако ассоциаций с генетическими особенностями обнаружено не было.Заключение. В данной работе мы получили отрицательные результаты в отношении ассоциаций полиморфных вариантов генов антиоксидантных ферментов SOD2 (rs4880), GSTO1 (rs4925) и NQO1 (rs1800566) с развитием шизофрении в русской популяции сибирского региона, а также с выраженностью когнитивного дефицита. На клинические проявления заболевания в обследованной выборке генетический профиль по исследуемым локусам не влиял.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>The main features of schizophrenia are characterized by three domains of symptoms, including positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive defi cits, the overlap of which forms a polymorphism of clinical manifestations. Previous molecular genetic studies have found signifi cant genetic overlaps between the cognitive abilities and the risk of schizophrenia developing. Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the associations of polymorphisms of genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes SOD2, GSTO1, and NQO1 with clinical polymorphism of schizophrenia and the severity of cognitive deficit.Material and Methods. A comprehensive examination of 457 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia was carried out. Out of the total group of examined patients, cognitive functions were assessed using the BACS scale in 150 schizophrenic patients. The control group comprised 135 healthy individuals with age and gender corresponding to patient group. Their cognitive function was assessed. Genotyping of SOD2 (rs4880), GSTO1 (rs4925), and NQO1 (rs1800566) was done by realtime PCR.Results. When analyzing the distribution of genotypes and alleles of polymorphic variants of genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes SOD2, GSTO1, and NQO1, no associations between the studied loci and schizophrenia in the Russian population of the Siberian region were revealed. Also, no associations were found with clinical polymorphism of disease (disease course type, leading symptoms (positive or negative), and age of disease onset). The cognitive abilities of schizophrenic patients and healthy individuals were diff erent as expected, but no associations with genetic characteristics were found.Conclusion. In this work, we obtained negative results in regard to associations of polymorphic variants of genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes SOD2 (rs4880), GSTO1 (rs4925), and NQO1 (rs1800566) with the development of schizophrenia in the Russian population in the Siberian region, as well as with the severity of cognitive defi cit. The genetic profi le for the studied loci did not aff ect the clinical manifestations of disease in the examined sample.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генетический полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>антиоксидантные ферменты</kwd><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd><kwd>когнитивный дефицит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>schizophrenia</kwd><kwd>genetic polymorphism</kwd><kwd>antioxidant enzymes</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>cognitive deficit</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">исследование проведено в рамках гранта РФФИ № 18-315-20019 «Новые подходы к генетике клинического полиморфизма и нейрокогнитивного дефицита при шизофрении»</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the study was carried out within the framework of the RFBR grant No. 18-315-20019 “New approaches to the genetics of clinical polymorphism and neurocognitive defi cits in schizophrenia”</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terada K., Murata A., Toki E., Goto S., Yamakawa H., Setoguchi S. et al. Atypical antipsychotic drug ziprasidone protects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity: An in vitro study. Molecules. 2020;25(18):4206. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terada K., Murata A., Toki E., Goto S., Yamakawa H., Setoguchi S. et al. Atypical antipsychotic drug ziprasidone protects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity: An in vitro study. Molecules. 2020;25(18):4206. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flatow J., Buckley P., Miller B.J. Meta-analysis of oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Biоl. Psychiatry. 2013;74(6):400–409. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flatow J., Buckley P., Miller B.J. Meta-analysis of oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Biоl. Psychiatry. 2013;74(6):400–409. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reddy R., Yao J.K. Free radical pathology in schizophrenia: A review. PLEFA. 1996;55(1–2):33–43. DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(96)90143-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reddy R., Yao J.K. Free radical pathology in schizophrenia: A review. PLEFA. 1996;55(1–2):33–43. DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(96)90143-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X.F., Zheng Y.L., Xiu M.H., da Chen C., Kosten T.R., Zhang X.Y. Reduced plasma total antioxidant status in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2011;35(4):1064–1067. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X.F., Zheng Y.L., Xiu M.H., da Chen C., Kosten T.R., Zhang X.Y. Reduced plasma total antioxidant status in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2011;35(4):1064–1067. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang X.Y., Tan Y.L., Cao L.Y., Wu G.Y., Xu Q., Shen Y. et al. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in different forms of schizophrenia treated with typical and atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr. Res. 2006;81(2–3):291–300. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang X.Y., Tan Y.L., Cao L.Y., Wu G.Y., Xu Q., Shen Y. et al. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in different forms of schizophrenia treated with typical and atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr. Res. 2006;81(2–3):291–300. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корнетов А.Н., Корнетова Е.Г., Голенкова А.В., Козлова С.М., Аржаник М.Б., Самойленко Ж.А. и др. Нейрокогнитивный дефицит в клиническом полиморфизме шизофрении: типология, выраженность и синдромальные перекрытия. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2019;18(2):107–118. DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2019-2-107-118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">6. Kornetov A.N., Kornetova E.G., Golenkova A.V., Kozlova S.M., Arzhanik M.B., Samoylenko Zh.A. et al. Neurocognitive deficits in clinical polymorphism of schizophrenia: Тypology, expression and syndromal overlaps. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2019;18(2):107–118 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2019-2-107-118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоренко О.Ю., Иванова С.А. Новый взгляд на генетику нейрокогнитивного дефицита при шизофрении. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(8):183–192. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120081183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorenko O.Yu., Ivanova S.A. A new look at the genetics of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(8):183–192 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120081183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гурович И.Я., Шмуклер А.Б., Зайцева Ю.С. Нейрокогнитивный дефицит у больных шизофренией. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2012;4(2S):75–78. DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2012-2514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurovich I.Ya., Shmukler A.B., Zaitseva Yu.S. Neurocognitive deficit in patients with schizophrenia. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2012;4(2S):75–78 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2012-2514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akyol O., Yanik M., Elyas H., Namli M., Canatan H., Akin H. et al. Association between Ala-9Val polymorphism of Mn-SOD gene and schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;29(1):123–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.10.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akyol O., Yanik M., Elyas H., Namli M., Canatan H., Akin H. et al. Association between Ala-9Val polymorphism of Mn-SOD gene and schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;29(1):123–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.10.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fullerton J.M., Tiwari Y., Agahi G., Heath A., Berk M., Mitchell P.B. et al. Assessing oxidative pathway genes as risk factors for bipolar dis order. Bipolar. Disord. 2010;12(5):550–556. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00834.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fullerton J.M., Tiwari Y., Agahi G., Heath A., Berk M., Mitchell P.B. et al. Assessing oxidative pathway genes as risk factors for bipolar dis order. Bipolar. Disord. 2010;12(5):550–556. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00834.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al Hadithy A.F.Y., Ivanova S.A., Pechlivanoglou P., Wilffert B., Semke A., Fedorenko O. et al. Missense polymorphisms in three oxidative-stress enzymes (GSTP1, SOD2, and GPX1) and dyskinesias in Russian psychiatric inpatients from Siberia. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(1):84–91. DOI: 10.1002/hup.1087.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al Hadithy A.F.Y., Ivanova S.A., Pechlivanoglou P., Wilffert B., Semke A., Fedorenko O. et al. Missense polymorphisms in three oxidative-stress enzymes (GSTP1, SOD2, and GPX1) and dyskinesias in Russian psychiatric inpatients from Siberia. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(1):84–91. DOI: 10.1002/hup.1087.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayes J.D., Strange R.C. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and their biological consequences. Pharmacology. 2000;61(3):154–166. DOI: 10.1159/000028396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayes J.D., Strange R.C. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and their biological consequences. Pharmacology. 2000;61(3):154–166. DOI: 10.1159/000028396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanaka-Kagawa T., Jinno H., Hasegawa T., Makino Y., Seko Y., Hanioka N. et al. Functional characterization of two variant human GSTO 1-1s (Ala140Asp and Thr217Asn). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003;301(2):516–520. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)03066-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanaka-Kagawa T., Jinno H., Hasegawa T., Makino Y., Seko Y., Hanioka N. et al. Functional characterization of two variant human GSTO 1-1s (Ala140Asp and Thr217Asn). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003;301(2):516–520. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)03066-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Go J., Ryu Y.K., Park H.Y., Choi D.H., Choi Y.K., Hwang D.Y. et al. NQO1 regulates pharmaco-behavioral effects of D-amphetamine in striatal dopaminergic system in mice. Neuropharmacology. 2020;170:108039. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Go J., Ryu Y.K., Park H.Y., Choi D.H., Choi Y.K., Hwang D.Y. et al. NQO1 regulates pharmaco-behavioral effects of D-amphetamine in striatal dopaminergic system in mice. Neuropharmacology. 2020;170:108039. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duffy S., So A., Murphy T.H. Activation of endogenous antioxidant defenses in neuronal cells prevents free radicals-mediated damage. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1998;71(1):69–77. DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71010069.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duffy S., So A., Murphy T.H. Activation of endogenous antioxidant defenses in neuronal cells prevents free radicals-mediated damage. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1998;71(1):69–77. DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71010069.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic сriteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993:262.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic сriteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993:262.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kay S.R., Fiszbein A., Opler L.A. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13(2):261–276. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/13.2.261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kay S.R., Fiszbein A., Opler L.A. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13(2):261–276. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/13.2.261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keefe R.S., Harvey P.D., Goldberg T.E. Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Schizophr. Research. 2008;102(1–3):108–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keefe R.S., Harvey P.D., Goldberg T.E. Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Schizophr. Research. 2008;102(1–3):108–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саркисян Г.Р., Гурович И.Я., Киф Р.С. Нормативные данные для российской популяции и стандартизация шкалы «Краткая оценка когнитивных функций у пациентов с шизофренией». Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2010;20(3):13–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkisyan G.R., Gurovich I.Ya., Kif R.S. Normative data for the Russian population and standardization of the brief assessment of cognitive in schizophrenia (BACS) scale. Social and Сlinical Рsychiatry. 2010;20(3):13–19 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голимбет В.Е. Молекулярно-генетические исследования познавательных нарушений при шизофрении. Молекулярная биология. 2008;42(5):830–839.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golimbet V.E. Molecular genetic studies of cognitive defi cit in schizophrenia. Molecular Biology. 2008;42(5):738–746 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
