<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2022-37-2-13-20</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-1414</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Холестерин, его биологическое значение. Атеросклероз. Статинотерапия (часть 2)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cholesterol and its biological significance. Atherosclerosis. Statin therapy (Part 2)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4931-5383</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasiliev</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильев Александр Петрович, д-р мед. наук, главный научный сотрудник, отделение артериальной гипертонии и коронарной недостаточности, научный отдел клинической кардиологии</p><p>625026, Российская Федерация, Тюмень, ул. Мельникайте, 111</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander P. Vasiliev, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Chief Research Scientist, Department of Arterial Hypertension and Coronary Insufficiency, Scientific Division of Clinical Cardiology</p><p>111, Melnikaite str., Tyumen, 625026, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sss@infarkta.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8675-9103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрельцова</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Streltsova</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стрельцова Нина Николаевна, научный сотрудник, отделение артериальной гипертонии и коронарной недостаточности, научный отдел клинической кардиологии</p><p>625026, Российская Федерация, Тюмень, ул. Мельникайте, 111</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina N. Streltsova, Research Scientist, Department of Arterial Hypertension and Coronary Insufficiency, Scientific Division of Clinical Cardiology</p><p>111, Melnikaite str., Tyumen, 625026, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sss@infarkta.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский кардиологический научный центр, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>37</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Васильев А.П., Стрельцова Н.Н., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Васильев А.П., Стрельцова Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vasiliev A.P., Streltsova N.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1414">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1414</self-uri><abstract><p>За последние десятилетия гиполипидемическая терапия, которая, по существу, сегодня сводится к назначению статинов, приобрела необычайно высокую популярность в кардиологии при первичной и вторичной профилактике сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний атеросклеротической природы. Их назначение кардиологическим больным является обязательным атрибутом комплексного лечения. Однако следует признать, что лечение статинами характеризуется многими нерешенными проблемами: не доказана целесообразность первичной профилактики статинами, в частности, у лиц молодого возраста, не установлены данные об истинной частоте побочных эффектов, особенно на отдаленных этапах наблюдения, не обозначены принципы контроля в процессе лечения, вызывают также сомнения целевые уровни холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности (ХСЛПНП), к достижению которых врач должен стремиться, и, главное, остается открытым вопрос об истинной эффективности собственно липидснижающей терапии, так как отсутствуют четкие признаки причинно-следственных ассоциаций между уровнем сывороточного холестерина (ХС) и сердечно-сосудистыми событиями.</p><p>Цель обзора: привлечь внимание исследователей к данному вопросу, показать, что механизмы атерогенеза более сложны, и только гипохолестериновая терапия с использованием статинов не решает проблемы полностью.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past decades, lipid-lowering therapy, which is essentially limited today to the prescription of statins, has become extremely popular in cardiology for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases of atherosclerotic nature. Prescription of statins to cardiac patients is a mandatory element of comprehensive treatment. However, one must admit that treatment with statins is characterized by many unresolved problems: the feasibility of primary prevention with statins has not been proven in particular in young people; no data regarding the true frequency of side effects were obtained especially for the long-term follow-up; the principles of control during treatment were not identified; the target levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) that physician should strive to achieve are also questionable; and most importantly, the question of the true effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy itself remains open since there are no clear signs of causal associations between serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events. The purpose of the review is to draw attention of researchers to this issue and to show that the mechanisms of atherogenesis are more complex, and that only cholesterol-lowering therapy with statins does not completely solve the problem.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания атеросклеротической природы</kwd><kwd>гиполипидемическая терапия</kwd><kwd>статины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiovascular diseases atherosclerotic nature</kwd><kwd>lipid-lowering therapy</kwd><kwd>statins</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knuuti J. 2019 Рекомендации ЕSC по диагностике и лечению хронического коронарного синдрома. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(2):3757. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-2-3757.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knuuti J. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(2):3757. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-2-3757.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Небиеридзе Д.В., Мелия А. Пациенты высокого риска: современная стратегия лечения. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2010;9(6):97–101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nebieridze D.V., Meliya A. High-risk patients: Modern treatment strategy. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2010;9(6):97–101. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bareter P.J., Piiranik R., Rye K.A. New insights into the role of HDL as an anti-inflammatory agent in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2007;9(6):493–498. DOI: 10.1007/bf02938394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bareter P.J., Piiranik R., Rye K.A. New insights into the role of HDL as an anti-inflammatory agent in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2007;9(6):493–498. DOI: 10.1007/bf02938394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gotto A.M. Jr. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides as therapeutic targets for preventing and treating coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J. 2002;144(6):33–42. DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2002.130301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gotto A.M. Jr. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides as therapeutic targets for preventing and treating coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J. 2002;144(6):33–42. DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2002.130301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah P.K., Каul I.S., Nilsson J., Cercek B. Exploting the vascular protective effects of high-density lipoprotein and its apolipoproteins: an idea whose time for testing is coming, part I. Circulation. 2001;104(19):2376–2383. DOI: 10.1161/hc4401.098467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah P.K., Каul I.S., Nilsson J., Cercek B. Exploting the vascular protective effects of high-density lipoprotein and its apolipoproteins: an idea whose time for testing is coming, part I. Circulation. 2001;104(19):2376–2383. DOI: 10.1161/hc4401.098467.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenberg H., Mascitelli L., Pezzeita F., Goldstein M.R. Statin therapy in women: Concerns and caution. Int. J. Cardiol. 2010;144(1):145–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenberg H., Mascitelli L., Pezzeita F., Goldstein M.R. Statin therapy in women: Concerns and caution. Int. J. Cardiol. 2010;144(1):145–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor F., Ward К., Moore T.H.M., Burke M., Smith G.D., Casas J.P. et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011;(1):CD004816. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004816.pub4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor F., Ward К., Moore T.H.M., Burke M., Smith G.D., Casas J.P. et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011;(1):CD004816. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004816.pub4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сафина Д.Д., Зиганшина Л.Е. Статины и первичная профилактика сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний: есть ли смысл? Казанский медицинский журнал. 2013;94(6):924–932.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Safina D.D., Ziganshina L.E. Statins and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: is there any point? Kazan Medical Journal. 2013;94(6):924–932. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridker P.M., Lonn E., Paynter N.P., Glynn R., Yusufel S. Primary prevention with statin therapy in the elderly. New meta-analyses from the contemporary JUPITER and HOPE-3 randomized trials. Circulation. 2017;135(20):1979–1981. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridker P.M., Lonn E., Paynter N.P., Glynn R., Yusufel S. Primary prevention with statin therapy in the elderly. New meta-analyses from the contemporary JUPITER and HOPE-3 randomized trials. Circulation. 2017;135(20):1979–1981. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028271.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han H.H., Sutin D., Williamson D., Davis B.R., Piller L.B., Pervin H. et al. Effect of statin treatment vs usual care on primary cardiovascular prevention among older adults. The ALLHAT-LLT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern. Med. 2017;177(7):955–965. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1442.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han H.H., Sutin D., Williamson D., Davis B.R., Piller L.B., Pervin H. et al. Effect of statin treatment vs usual care on primary cardiovascular prevention among older adults. The ALLHAT-LLT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern. Med. 2017;177(7):955–965. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1442.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mallamac F. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2019;393(10170):407–415. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31942-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mallamac F. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta- analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2019;393(10170):407–415. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31942-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramos R., Comas-Cuft М., Marti-Lluch J.R., Elisabeth Balló E., Ponjoan A., Cabratosa L.F. et al. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: Retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2018;362:k3359. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k3359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramos R., Comas-Cuft М., Marti-Lluch J.R., Elisabeth Balló E., Ponjoan A., Cabratosa L.F. et al. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: Retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2018;362:k3359. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k3359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridker P.M., Danielson E., Fonseca F.A., Genest J., Gotto A.M., Kastelein J.J.P. et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008;359(21):2195–2207. DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0807646.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridker P.M., Danielson E., Fonseca F.A., Genest J., Gotto A.M., Kastelein J.J.P. et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008;359(21):2195–2207. DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0807646.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Литовский И.А., Гордиенко А.В., Сотников А.В. Достаточно ли обоснованы цели, к которым мы стремимся? Клиническая фармакология и терапия. 2019;28(4):10–23. DOI: 10.32756/0869-5490-2019-4-10-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litovskij I.A., Gordienko A.V., Sotnikov A.V. Сontroversial issues of pathogenesis and lipid-lowering therapy of atherosclerosis. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2019;28(4):10–23. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.32756/0869-5490-2019-4-10-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Lorgeril M., Salen P., Abramsojn J., Dodin S., Hamazaki T., Kostucki W. et al. Cholesterol lowering, cardiovascular diseases, and the rosuvastatin. JUPITER controversy: A critical reappraisal. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010;170(12):1032–1036. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Lorgeril M., Salen P., Abramsojn J., Dodin S., Hamazaki T., Kostucki W. et al. Cholesterol lowering, cardiovascular diseases, and the rosuvastatin. JUPITER controversy: A critical reappraisal. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010;170(12):1032–1036. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведев Ж. Холестерин: наш друг или враг? Из полемических заметок биохимика. Наука и жизнь. 2008;(1):60–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedev Z.H. Cholesterol: Our friend or enemy? From the polemical notes of a biochemist. Science and Life. 2008;(1):60–64. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлева М.В. Первичная и вторичная профилактика атеросклероза. Врач. 2011;(5):45–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravleva M.V. Primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis. Vrach. 2011;(5):45–49. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Затейщиков Д.А. Лечение атеросклероза: насколько важно действие статинов на уровень холестерина? Фарматека. 2003;69(6):39–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zateishikov D.A. Treatment of atherosclerosis: how important is the effect of statins on cholesterol level? Farmateka. 2003;69(6):39–44. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albert M.A., Danielson E., Rifai N., Ridker P.M.; PRINCE Investigators. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): A randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA. 2001;286(1):64–70. DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.1.64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albert M.A., Danielson E., Rifai N., Ridker P.M.; PRINCE Investigators. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels the pravastatin inflammation/ CRP evaluation (PRINCE): A randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA. 2001;286(1):64–70. DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.1.64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buchwald H., Varco R.L., Matts J.P., Long J.M., Fitch L.L., Campbell G.S. et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia – Report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N. Engl. J. Med. 1990;323(14):946–955. DOI: 10.1056/nejm199010043231404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buchwald H., Varco R.L., Matts J.P., Long J.M., Fitch L.L., Campbell G.S. et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia – Report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N. Engl. J. Med. 1990;323(14):946–955. DOI: 10.1056/nejm199010043231404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrews T.C., Raby K., Barry I., Naimi C.L., Allred E., Ganz P. et al. Effect of cholesterol reduction on myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Circulation. 1997;95(2):324–328. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.95.2.324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrews T.C., Raby K., Barry I., Naimi C.L., Allred E., Ganz P. et al. Effect of cholesterol reduction on myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Circulation. 1997;95(2):324–328. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.95.2.324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коваленко В.Н., Талаева Т.В., Братусь В.В. Холестерин и атеросклероз: традиционные взгляды и современные представления. Український кардіологічний журнал. 2010;3:7–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Коvalenko V.N., Tаlаeva Т.V., Bratus V.V. Cholesterol and atherosclerosis: Traditional views and modern ideas. Ukrainian Cardiological Journal. 2010;(3):7–35. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridker P.M. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation. 2003;107(3):363–369. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000053730.47739.3c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridker P.M. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation. 2003;107(3):363–369. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000053730.47739.3c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diamond D.M., Ravnskov U. How statistical deception created the appearance that statins are safe and effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2015;8(2):201–210. DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1012494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamond D.M., Ravnskov U. How statistical deception created the appearance that statins are safe and effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2015;8(2):201–210. DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1012494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фесенко Э.В., Прощаев К.И., Поляков В.И. Плейотропные эффекты статинотерапии и их роль в преодолении проблемы полиморбидности. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2012;(2). URL: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=5773 (дата обращения: 22.11.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fesenko E.V., Proschaev K.I., Polyakov V.I. Рleiotropic effects of statins therapy and their role in overcoming polymorbidity. Modern Problems of Science and Education. 2012;(2). URL: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=5773 (available: 22.11.2021). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васюк Ю.А., Атрощенко Е.С., Ющук Е.Н. Плейотропные эффекты статинов – данные фундаментальных исследований. Сердце: журнал для практикующих врачей. 2006;29(5):228–237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasyuk Yu.A., Atroshchenko E.S., Yushchuk E.N. Pleiotropic effects of statins - basic research data. Heart. 2006;29(5):228–237. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horton R.A. A bad misrepresentation. Letter to Theheartorg forum, 2004. URL: www.theheart.org</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horton R.A. A bad misrepresentation. Letter to Theheartorg forum, 2004. URL: www.theheart.org</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вe Lorgeril M., Rabaeus M. Beyond confusion and controversy, can we evaluate the real efficacy and safety of cholesterol lowering with statins? J. Controvers. Biomed. Res. 2016;1(1):67–92. DOI: 10.15586/jcbmr.2015.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Вe Lorgeril M., Rabaeus M. Beyond confusion and controversy, can we evaluate the real efficacy and safety of cholesterol lowering with statins? J. Controvers. Biomed. Res. 2016;1(1):67–92. DOI: 10.15586/jcbmr.2015.11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuklina E.V., Yoon P.W., Keenan N.L. Trends in high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the United States, 1999–2006. JAMA. 2009;302(19):2104–2110. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuklina E.V., Yoon P.W., Keenan N.L. Trends in high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the United States, 1999–2006. JAMA. 2009;302(19):2104–2110. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilsson S., Molstad S., Karlberg C., Karlsson J.E., Persson L.C. No connection between the level of exposition to statins in the population and the incidence/mortality of acute myocardial infarction: An ecological study based on Sweden’s municipalities. J. Negat. Results Biomed. 2011;10:6. DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-10-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilsson S., Molstad S., Karlberg C., Karlsson J.E., Persson L.C. No connection between the level of exposition to statins in the population and the incidence/mortality of acute myocardial infarction: An ecological study based on Sweden’s municipalities. J. Negat. Results Biomed. 2011;10:6. DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-10-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vancheri F., Backlund L., Strender L.E., Godman B., Wettermark B. Time trends in statin utilisation and coronary mortality in Western European countries. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):е010500. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vancheri F., Backlund L., Strender L.E., Godman B., Wettermark B. Time trends in statin utilisation and coronary mortality in Western European countries. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):е010500. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kristensen M.L., Christensen P.M., Hallas J. The effect of statins on average survival in randomised trials, an analysis of end point postponement. BMJ Open. 2015;5(9):e007118. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kristensen M.L., Christensen P.M., Hallas J. The effect of statins on average survival in randomised trials, an analysis of end point postponement. BMJ Open. 2015;5(9):e007118. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лопухин Ю.М., Арчаков А.И., Владимиров Ю.А., Коган Э.М. Холестериноз. М.: Медицина; 1983:352.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopuhin Yu.M., Archakov A.I., Vladimirov Yu.A., Kogan E.M. Cholesterinosis. Moscow: Medicine; 1983:352. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takeuchi N., Yamamura Y., Katayama Y., Hayashi C., Uchida K. Impairment of feed back control and induction of cholesterol synthesis in rats by aging. Exp. Gerontol. 1976;11(3–4):121–126. DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(76)90021-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takeuchi N., Yamamura Y., Katayama Y., Hayashi C., Uchida K. Impairment of feed back control and induction of cholesterol synthesis in rats by aging. Exp. Gerontol. 1976;11(3–4):121–126. DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(76)90021-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kjekshus J., Apetrei Е., Barrios V., Böhm M., Cleland J.G., Cornel J.H. et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007;357:2248–2261. DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0706201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kjekshus J., Apetrei Е., Barrios V., Böhm M., Cleland J.G., Cornel J.H. et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007;357:2248–2261. DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0706201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koren M.J., Hunninghake D.B.; ALLIANCE Investigators. Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: The ALLIANCE study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004;44(9):1772–1779. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koren M.J., Hunninghake D.B.; ALLIANCE Investigators. Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: The ALLIANCE study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004;44(9):1772–1779. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.053.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collins R., Reith C., Emberson J., Armitage J., Baigent C., Blackwell L. et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin. Lancet. 2016;388(10059):2532–2561. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31357-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins R., Reith C., Emberson J., Armitage J., Baigent C., Blackwell L. et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin. Lancet. 2016;388(10059):2532–2561. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31357-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phillips P.S., Haas R.H., Bannykh S., Hathaway S., Gray N.L., Kimura B.L. et al. Statin-associated myopathy with normal creatine kinase levels. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002;137(7):581–585. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phillips P.S., Haas R.H., Bannykh S., Hathaway S., Gray N.L., Kimura B.L. et al. Statin-associated myopathy with normal creatine kinase levels. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002;137(7):581–585. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okuyama H., Langsjoen P.H., Hamazaki T., Ogushi Y., Hama R., Kobayashi T. et al. Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2015;8(2):189–199. DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1011125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okuyama H., Langsjoen P.H., Hamazaki T., Ogushi Y., Hama R., Kobayashi T. et al. Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2015;8(2):189–199. DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1011125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meador B.M., Huey K.A. Statin-associated myopathy and its exacerbation with exercise. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(4):469–479. DOI: 10.1002/mus.21817.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meador B.M., Huey K.A. Statin-associated myopathy and its exacerbation with exercise. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(4):469–479. DOI: 10.1002/mus.21817.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee D.S., Markwardt S., Goeres L., Lee C.G., Eckstrom E., Williams C. et al. Statins and physical activity in older men: The osteoporotic fractures in men study. JAMA Intern. Med. 2014;174(8):1263–1270. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2266.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee D.S., Markwardt S., Goeres L., Lee C.G., Eckstrom E., Williams C. et al. Statins and physical activity in older men: The osteoporotic fractures in men study. JAMA Intern. Med. 2014;174(8):1263–1270. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2266.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mausner-Fainberg K., Luboshits G., Mor A., Maysel-Auslender S., Rubinstein A., Keren G. et al. The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T cells. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197(2):829–839. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mausner-Fainberg K., Luboshits G., Mor A., Maysel-Auslender S., Rubinstein A., Keren G. et al. The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T cells. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197(2):829–839. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shepherd J., Blauw G.J., Murphy M.B., Bollen E.L., Buckley B.M., Cobbe S.M. et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): А randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9346):1623–1630. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11600-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shepherd J., Blauw G.J., Murphy M.B., Bollen E.L., Buckley B.M., Cobbe S.M. et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): А randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9346):1623–1630. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11600-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wenger N.K., Lewis S.J., Herrington D.M., Bittner V., Welty F.K.; Treating to New Targets Study Steering Committee and Investigators. Outcomes of using high- or low-dose atorvastatin in patients 65 years of age or older with stable coronary heart disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007;147(1):1–9. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wenger N.K., Lewis S.J., Herrington D.M., Bittner V., Welty F.K.; Treating to New Targets Study Steering Committee and Investigators. Outcomes of using high- or low-dose atorvastatin in patients 65 years of age or older with stable coronary heart disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007;147(1):1–9. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravnskov U., Rosch P.J., McCully K.S. The statin-low cholesterol – cancer. QJM. 2012;105(4):383–388. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcr243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravnskov U., Rosch P.J., McCully K.S. The statin-low cholesterol – cancer. QJM. 2012;105(4):383–388. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcr243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstein M.R., Mascitelli L., Pezzetta F. Do statins prevent or promote cancer? Curr. Oncol. 2008;15(2):76–77. DOI: 10.3747/co.v15i2.235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstein M.R., Mascitelli L., Pezzetta F. Do statins prevent or promote cancer? Curr. Oncol. 2008;15(2):76–77. DOI: 10.3747/co.v15i2.235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cederberg H., Stancakova A., Yaluri N., Modi S., Kuusisto J., Laakso M. Increased risk of diabetes with statin treatment is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion: А 6 year follow-up study of the METSIM cohort. Diabetologia. 2015;58(5):1109–1117. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3528-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cederberg H., Stancakova A., Yaluri N., Modi S., Kuusisto J., Laakso M. Increased risk of diabetes with statin treatment is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion: А 6 year follow-up study of the METSIM cohort. Diabetologia. 2015;58(5):1109–1117. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3528-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmadizar F., Ochoa-RosalesС.,Glisic M., Franco O.H., Muka T., Stricker B.H. Associations of statin use with glycaemic traits and incident type 2 diabetes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2019;85(5):993–1002. DOI:10.1111/bcp.13898.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmadizar F., Ochoa-Rosales С., Glisic M., Franco O.H., Muka T., Stricker B.H. Associations of statin use with glycaemic traits and incident type 2 diabetes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2019;85(5):993–1002. DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13898.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casula M., Mozzamca F., Scotti L., Tragni E., Pirillo A., Corrao G. et al. Statin use and risk of new-onset diabetes: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017;27(5):396–406. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.03.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casula M., Mozzamca F., Scotti L., Tragni E., Pirillo A., Corrao G. et al. Statin use and risk of new-onset diabetes: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017;27(5):396–406. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.03.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crandall I.P., Mather K., Rajpathak S.N., Goldberg R.B., Watson K., Foo S. et al. Statin use and risk of developing diabetes: Results from the Diabetes Prevention Program. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care. 2017;5(1):e000438. DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000438.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crandall I.P., Mather K., Rajpathak S.N., Goldberg R.B., Watson K., Foo S. et al. Statin use and risk of developing diabetes: Results from the Diabetes Prevention Program. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care. 2017;5(1):e000438. DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000438.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans M.A., Golomb B.A. Statin-associated adverse cognitive effects: Survey results from 171 patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(7):800–811. DOI: 10.1592/phco.29.7.800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans M.A., Golomb B.A. Statin-associated adverse cognitive effects: Survey results from 171 patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(7):800–811. DOI: 10.1592/phco.29.7.800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muldoon M.F., Ryan C.M., Sereika S.M., Flory J.D., Manuck S.B. Randomized trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in hypercholesterolemic adults. Am. J. Med. 2004;117(11):823–829. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muldoon M.F., Ryan C.M., Sereika S.M., Flory J.D., Manuck S.B. Randomized trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in hypercholesterolemic adults. Am. J. Med. 2004;117(11):823–829. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang J.H., Kao L.T., Lin H.C., Tsai M.Ch., Chung S.D. Statin use increases the risk of depressive disorder in stroke patients: А population-based study. J. Neurol Sci. 2015;348(1–2):89–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.11.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang J.H., Kao L.T., Lin H.C., Tsai M.Ch., Chung S.D. Statin use increases the risk of depressive disorder in stroke patients: А population- based study. J. Neurol. Sci. 2015;348(1–2):89–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.11.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solomon H., Samarasinghe Y.P., Feher M.D., Man J., Rivas-Toro H., Lumb P.J. et al. Erectile dysfunction and statin treatment in high cardiovascular risk patients. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2006;60(2):141–145. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00793.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solomon H., Samarasinghe Y.P., Feher M.D., Man J., Rivas-Toro H., Lumb P.J. et al. Erectile dysfunction and statin treatment in high cardiovascular risk patients. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2006;60(2):141–145. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00793.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antoniou T., Zheng H., Singh S., Juurlink D.N., Mamdani M.M., Gomes T. Statins and the risk of herpes zoster: A population-based cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2014;58(3):350–356. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit745.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antoniou T., Zheng H., Singh S., Juurlink D.N., Mamdani M.M., Gomes T. Statins and the risk of herpes zoster: A population-based cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2014;58(3):350–356. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit745.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davison K.M., Kaplan B.J. Lipophilic statin use and suicidal ideation in a sample of adults with mood disorders. Crisis. 2014;35(4):278–282. DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davison K.M., Kaplan B.J. Lipophilic statin use and suicidal ideation in a sample of adults with mood disorders. Crisis. 2014;35(4):278–282. DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hill A.В. The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965;58(5):295–300. DOI: 10.1177/003591576505800503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hill A.В. The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965;58(5):295–300. DOI: 10.1177/003591576505800503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
