cardiotomskСибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медициныSiberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine2713-29272713-265XTSU publishing10.29001/2073-8552-2022-37-4-14-21cardiotomsk-1553Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEWS AND LECTURESРеспираторные вирусные инфекции и их роль в сердечно-сосудистых заболеваниях человекаRespiratory viral infections and their role in human cardiovascular diseaseshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-7688ИльичеваТ. Н.IlyichevaT. N.

Ильичева Татьяна Николаевна, д-р биол. наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник, отдел зоонозных инфекций и гриппа, Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора; профессор кафедры молекулярной биологии и биотехнологии, факультет естественных наук, Новосибирский государственный университет

630090, Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 1630559, Кольцово, Новосибирская область

Tatyana N. Ilyicheva, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Leading Research Scientist, Department of Zoonotic Infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”; Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University

1, Pirogova str., Novosibirsk, 630090Koltsovo, 630559

ilicheva_tn@vector.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7786-2464НетесовС. В.NetesovS. V.

Нетесов Сергей Викторович, д-р биол. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН, заведующий лабораторией бионанотехнологии, микробиологии и вирусологии, факультет естественных наук

630090, Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 1

Sergey V. Netesov, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Bionanotechnology, Microbiology, and Virology, Department of Natural Sciences

1, Pirogova str., Novosibirsk, 630090

Netesov.s@nsu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-5672АбубакироваО. А.AbubakirovaO. A.

Абубакирова Ольга Александровна, врач-кардиолог, кардиохирургическое отделение сосудистой патологии и гибридных технологий

630055, Новосибирск, ул. Речкуновская, 15

Olga A. Abubakirova, Cardiologist, Cardiac Surgery Department of Vascular Malformations and Hybrid Technologies

15, Rechkunovskaya str., Novosibirsk, 630055

Olya_19@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3460-0157ГуреевВ. Н.GureyevV. N.

Гуреев Вадим Николаевич, канд. пед. наук, старший научный сотрудник, информационно-аналитический отдел

630559, Кольцово, Новосибирская область

Vadim N. Gureyev, Cand. Sci. (Educ.), Senior Research Scientist, Information Analysis Department

Koltsovo, 630559

gureyev@ngs.ruНовосибирский государственный университет; Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» РоспотребнадзораРоссияNovosibirsk State University; State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”Russian FederationНовосибирский государственный университетРоссияNovosibirsk State UniversityRussian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. МешалкинаРоссияMeshalkin National Medical Research CenterRussian FederationГосударственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» РоспотребнадзораРоссияState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”Russian Federation2022251120223741421Copyright © Ильичева Т.Н., Нетесов С.В., Абубакирова О.А., Гуреев В.Н., 20232023Ильичева Т.Н., Нетесов С.В., Абубакирова О.А., Гуреев В.Н.Ilyicheva T.N., Netesov S.V., Abubakirova O.A., Gureyev V.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1553

Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции являются наиболее распространенными заболеваниями человека. Симптомы этих инфекций варьируют от легкой простуды до тяжелого состояния, требующего искусственной вентиляции легких и поддержки сердечно-сосудистой системы. Основными факторами риска тяжелого течения болезни являются наличие высокой вирусной нагрузки, коинфекция другими патогенами, возраст от 0 до 2 лет или старше 65 лет, а также серьезные хронические заболевания и иммунодефицит. Кардиальные проявления инфекции чаще обусловлены непрямыми эффектами из-за воспалительной реакции, провоцирующей системное повышение провоспалительных цитокинов, так называемый «цитокиновый шторм». Однако также были сообщения об идентификации респираторных вирусов, выделенных непосредственно из ткани миокарда, или тестировании вирусной РНК в миокарде с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени. В этом обзоре обсуждено прямое и косвенное воздействие респираторных вирусных инфекций на инициирование сердечно-сосудистых осложнений. Мы рассмотрели сходства и различия иммунопатогенетических механизмов, связанных с COVID-19, гриппозной инфекцией, а также заболеваниями, вызываемыми энтеровирусами, респираторно-синцитиальными вирусами, метапневмовирусами, вирусами парагриппа.

Acute respiratory viral infections are the most common human diseases. Symptoms of the infection vary from a slight cold to critical condition requiring artificial lung ventilation and support of cardiovascular system. Main risk factors of severe disease include high viral load, co-infection with other pathogens, age from 0 to 2 years and older than 65 years, and immunodeficiency. Cardiac manifestations of the infection are usually caused by indirect effects due to inflammatory reaction resulting in systemic increase in proinflammatory cytokines, so called cytokine storm. However, there have been reports on the identification of respiratory viruses isolated directly from the myocardial tissue, or testing of viral RNA in the myocardium using real-time polymerase chain reaction. This review discusses the direct and indirect effects of respiratory viral infections on causing cardiovascular complications. The authors discuss the similarities and differences of the immunopathogenic mechanisms associated with COVID-19, influenza infection, as well as diseases caused by enteroviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, metapneumoviruses, and parainfluenza viruses.

острые респираторные вирусные инфекциисердечно-сосудистые осложненияинфаркт миокардаатеросклероз«цитокиновый шторм»коронавирусывирусы гриппаэнтеровирусыреспираторно-синцитиальные вирусыметапневмовирусывирусы парагриппаacute respiratory viral infectionscardiovascular complicationsmyocardial infractionatherosclerosiscytokine stormSARS-CoV-2influenza virusesenterovirusesrespiratory syncytial virusesmetapneumovirusesparainfluenza virusesРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке Минобрнауки России грантами базового финансирования № FSUS-0035-2020, FSUS-2022-0021 и Гранта РНФ № 22-14-00146.The research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grants FSUS-0035-2020, FSUS-2022-0021) and Russian Science Foundation (grant №22-14-00146).ReferencesTschöpe C., Ammirati E., Bozkurt B., Caforio A.L.P., Cooper L.T., Felix S.B., et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2021;18(3):169–193. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x.Tschöpe C., Ammirati E., Bozkurt B., Caforio A.L.P., Cooper L.T., Felix S.B., et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2021;18(3):169–193. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x.Caforio A.L.P., Pankuweit S., Arbustini E., Basso C., Gimeno-Blanes J., Felix S.B., et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur. Heart J. 2013;34(33):2636–2648. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht210.Caforio A.L.P., Pankuweit S., Arbustini E., Basso C., Gimeno-Blanes J., Felix S.B., et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur. Heart J. 2013;34(33):2636–2648. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht210.Смирнова М.И., Горбунов В.М., Андреева Г.Ф., Молчанова О.В., Федорова Е.Ю., Калинина А.М., и др. Влияние сезонных метеорологических факторов на заболеваемость и смертность населения от сердечно-сосудистых и бронхолегочных заболеваний. Профилактическая медицина. 2012;15(6):76–86.Smirnova M.I., Gorbunov V.M., Andreeva G.F., Molchanova O.V., Fedorova E.Iu., Kalinina A.M., et al. Influence of seasonal and weather factors on cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary morbidity and mortality. The Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012;15(6):76–86. (In Russ.).Coronado M.J., Bruno K.A., Blauwet L.A., Tschope C., Cunningham M.W., Pankuweit S., et al. Elevated sera sST2 is associated with heart failure in men ≤50 years old with myocarditis. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019;8(2):e008968. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.008968.Coronado M.J., Bruno K.A., Blauwet L.A., Tschope C., Cunningham M.W., Pankuweit S., et al. Elevated sera sST2 is associated with heart failure in men ≤50 years old with myocarditis. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019;8(2):e008968. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.008968.Gopal R., Marinelli M.A., Alcorn J.F. Immune mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases associated with viral infection. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:570681. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570681.Gopal R., Marinelli M.A., Alcorn J.F. Immune mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases associated with viral infection. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:570681. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570681.Brincks E.L., Katewa A., Kucaba T.A., Griffith T.S., Legge K.L. CD8 T cells utilize TRAIL to control influenza virus infection. J. Immunol. 2008;181(7):4918–4925. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4918.Brincks E.L., Katewa A., Kucaba T.A., Griffith T.S., Legge K.L. CD8 T cells utilize TRAIL to control influenza virus infection. J. Immunol. 2008;181(7):4918–4925. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4918.Jansen J.M., Gerlach T., Elbahesh H., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Saletti G. Influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by infection and vaccination. J. Clin. Virol. 2019;119:44–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.009.Jansen J.M., Gerlach T., Elbahesh H., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Saletti G. Influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by infection and vaccination. J. Clin. Virol. 2019;119:44–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.009.Kalil A.C., Thomas P.G. Influenza virus-related critical illness: Pathophysiology and epidemiology. Crit. Care. 2019;23(1):258. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2539-x.Kalil A.C., Thomas P.G. Influenza virus-related critical illness: Pathophysiology and epidemiology. Crit. Care. 2019;23(1):258. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2539-x.Martens C.R., Accornero F. Viruses in the heart: Direct and indirect routes to myocarditis and heart failure. Viruses. 2021;13(10):1924. DOI: 10.3390/v13101924.Martens C.R., Accornero F. Viruses in the heart: Direct and indirect routes to myocarditis and heart failure. Viruses. 2021;13(10):1924. DOI: 10.3390/v13101924.Dennert R., Crijns H.J., Heymans S. Acute viral myocarditis. European Heart Journal. 2008;29(17):2073–2082. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn296.Dennert R., Crijns H.J., Heymans S. Acute viral myocarditis. European Heart Journal. 2008;29(17):2073–2082. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn296.Akhmerov A., Marban E. COVID-19 and the Heart. Circ. Res. 2020;126:1443–1455. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055.Akhmerov A., Marban E. COVID-19 and the Heart. Circ. Res. 2020;126:1443–1455. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055.Bassat E., Perez D.E., Tzahor E. Myocardial infarction techniques in adult mice. Methods Mol. Biol. 2021;2158:3–21. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0668-1_1.Bassat E., Perez D.E., Tzahor E. Myocardial infarction techniques in adult mice. Methods Mol. Biol. 2021;2158:3–21. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0668-1_1.Hedayat M., Mahmoudi M.J., Rose N.R., Rezaei N. Proinflammatory cytokines in heart failure: Double-edged swords. Heart Fail. Rev. 2010;15(6):543–562. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-010-9168-4.Hedayat M., Mahmoudi M.J., Rose N.R., Rezaei N. Proinflammatory cytokines in heart failure: Double-edged swords. Heart Fail. Rev. 2010;15(6):543–562. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-010-9168-4.Maida C.D., Norrito R.L., Daidone M., Tuttolomondo A., Pinto A. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: focus on cardioembolic stroke, background, and therapeutic approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(18):6454. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186454.Maida C.D., Norrito R.L., Daidone M., Tuttolomondo A., Pinto A. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: focus on cardioembolic stroke, background, and therapeutic approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(18):6454. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186454.Yuan J., Yu M., Lin Q.W., Cao A.L., Yu X., Dong J.H., et al. Neutralization of IL-17 inhibits the production of anti-ANT autoantibodies in CVB3-induced acute viral myocarditis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2010;10(3):272–276. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.11.010.Yuan J., Yu M., Lin Q.W., Cao A.L., Yu X., Dong J.H., et al. Neutralization of IL-17 inhibits the production of anti-ANT autoantibodies in CVB3-induced acute viral myocarditis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2010;10(3):272–276. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.11.010.Pappritz K., Savvatis K., Miteva K., Kerim B., Dong F., Fechner H., et al. Immunomodulation by adoptive regulatory T-cell transfer improves Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Faseb J. 2018;32(11):6066–6078. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701408R.Pappritz K., Savvatis K., Miteva K., Kerim B., Dong F., Fechner H., et al. Immunomodulation by adoptive regulatory T-cell transfer improves Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Faseb J. 2018;32(11):6066–6078. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701408R.Hu J., Zhu Y., Yuan Q., Yan D., Li C., Guo H., et al. Non-coding RNAs in viral myocarditis. Shengwu Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Biotechnology. 2021;37(9):3101–3107. DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.200698.Hu J., Zhu Y., Yuan Q., Yan D., Li C., Guo H., et al. Non-coding RNAs in viral myocarditis. Shengwu Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Biotechnology. 2021;37(9):3101–3107. DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.200698.Zhang C., Xiong Y., Zeng L., Peng Z., Liu Z., Zhan H., et al. The role of non-coding RNAs in viral myocarditis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020;10:312. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00312.Zhang C., Xiong Y., Zeng L., Peng Z., Liu Z., Zhan H., et al. The role of non-coding RNAs in viral myocarditis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020;10:312. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00312.Zhu P., Chen S., Zhang W., Duan G., Jin Y. Essential role of non‐coding rnas in enterovirus infection: From basic mechanisms to clinical prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(6):1–17. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062904.Zhu P., Chen S., Zhang W., Duan G., Jin Y. Essential role of non‐coding rnas in enterovirus infection: From basic mechanisms to clinical prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(6):1–17. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062904.Kreutzer F.P., Fiedler J., Thum T. Non-coding RNAs: key players in cardiac disease. J. Physiol.-London. 2020;598(14):2995–3003. DOI: 10.1113/JP278131.Kreutzer F.P., Fiedler J., Thum T. Non-coding RNAs: key players in cardiac disease. J. Physiol.-London. 2020;598(14):2995–3003. DOI: 10.1113/JP278131.Ukimura A., Ooi Y., Kanzaki Y., Inomata T., Izumi T. A national survey on myocarditis associated with influenza H1N1pdm2009 in the pandemic and postpandemic season in Japan. J. Infect. Chemother. 2013;19(3):426–431. DOI: 10.1007/s10156-012-0499-z.Ukimura A., Ooi Y., Kanzaki Y., Inomata T., Izumi T. A national survey on myocarditis associated with influenza H1N1pdm2009 in the pandemic and postpandemic season in Japan. J. Infect. Chemother. 2013;19(3):426–431. DOI: 10.1007/s10156-012-0499-z.Li L., Liu Y., Wu P., Peng Z., Wang X., Chen T., et al. Influenza-associated excess respiratory mortality in China, 2010–15: a population-based study. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(9):e473–e481. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30163-X.Li L., Liu Y., Wu P., Peng Z., Wang X., Chen T., et al. Influenza-associated excess respiratory mortality in China, 2010–15: a population-based study. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(9):e473–e481. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30163-X.Руженцова Т.А., Хавкина Д.А., Чухляев П.В. Нарушения сердечно-сосудистой системы при гриппе и других острых респираторных вирусных инфекциях. Медицинский алфавит. 2020;34:17–21.Ruzhentsova T.A., Khavkina D.A., Chukhliaev P.V. Disorders of cardiovascular system in influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections. Medical Alphabet. 2020;34:17–21. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.33667/2078-5631-2020-34-17-21.Qi L., Li Q., Ding X.B., Gao Y., Ling H., Liu T., et al. Mortality burden from seasonal influenza in Chongqing, China, 2012–2018. Human Vaccines Immunother. 2020;16(7):1668–1674. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1693721.Qi L., Li Q., Ding X.B., Gao Y., Ling H., Liu T., et al. Mortality burden from seasonal influenza in Chongqing, China, 2012–2018. Human Vaccines Immunother. 2020;16(7):1668–1674. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1693721.Filgueiras-Rama D., Vasilijevic J., Jalife J., Noujaim S.F., Alfonso J.M., Nicolas-Avila J.A., et al. Human influenza a virus causes myocardial and cardiac-specific conduction system infections associated with early inflammation and premature death. Cardiovasc. Res. 2021;117(3):876–889. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa117.Filgueiras-Rama D., Vasilijevic J., Jalife J., Noujaim S.F., Alfonso J.M., Nicolas-Avila J.A., et al. Human influenza a virus causes myocardial and cardiac-specific conduction system infections associated with early inflammation and premature death. Cardiovasc. Res. 2021;117(3):876–889. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa117.Sung L.C., Chen C.I., Fang Y.A., Lai C.H., Hsu Y.P., Cheng T.H., et al. Influenza vaccination reduces hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A population-based cohort study. Vaccine. 2014;32(30):3843–3849. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.064.Sung L.C., Chen C.I., Fang Y.A., Lai C.H., Hsu Y.P., Cheng T.H., et al. Influenza vaccination reduces hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A population-based cohort study. Vaccine. 2014;32(30):3843–3849. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.064.Fang Y.A., Chen C.I., Liu J.C., Sung L.C. Influenza vaccination reduces hospitalization for heart failure in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease: A population-based cohort study. Acta Cardiol. Sin. 2016;32(3):290–298. DOI: 10.6515/ACS20150424L.Fang Y.A., Chen C.I., Liu J.C., Sung L.C. Influenza vaccination reduces hospitalization for heart failure in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease: A population-based cohort study. Acta Cardiol. Sin. 2016;32(3):290–298. DOI: 10.6515/ACS20150424L.Xie Y., Bowe B., Maddukuri G., Al-Aly Z. Comparative evaluation of clinical manifestations and risk of death in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza: cohort study. Br. Med. J. 2020;371: m4677. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m4677.Xie Y., Bowe B., Maddukuri G., Al-Aly Z. Comparative evaluation of clinical manifestations and risk of death in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza: cohort study. Br. Med. J. 2020;371: m4677. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m4677.Xie Y., Xu E., Bowe B., Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat. Med. 2022;28(3):583–590. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3.Xie Y., Xu E., Bowe B., Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat. Med. 2022;28(3):583–590. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3.Long-term immunological health consequences of COVID-19. London: British Society for Immunology; 2020:13.Long-term immunological health consequences of COVID-19. London: British Society for Immunology; 2020:13.Zhang L., Richards A., Khalil A., Wogram E., Ma H., Young R.A., et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA reverse-transcribed and integrated into the human genome. bioRxiv. 2020. DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.12.422516.Zhang L., Richards A., Khalil A., Wogram E., Ma H., Young R.A., et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA reverse-transcribed and integrated into the human genome. bioRxiv. 2020. DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.12.422516.Garmaroudi F.S., Marchant D., Hendry R., Luo H., Yang D., Ye X., et al. Coxsackievirus B3 replication and pathogenesis. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(4):629–652. DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.5.Garmaroudi F.S., Marchant D., Hendry R., Luo H., Yang D., Ye X., et al. Coxsackievirus B3 replication and pathogenesis. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(4):629–652. DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.5.Richer M.J., Lavallee D.J., Shanina I., Horwitz M.S. Toll-like receptor 3 signalling on macrophages is required for survival following coxsackievirus B4 infection. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(1):e4127. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004127.Richer M.J., Lavallee D.J., Shanina I., Horwitz M.S. Toll-like receptor 3 signalling on macrophages is required for survival following coxsackievirus B4 infection. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(1):e4127. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004127.Basavalingappa R.H., Arumugam R., Lasrado N., Yalaka B., Massilamany C., Gangaplara A., et al. Viral myocarditis involves the generation of autoreactive T cells with multiple antigen specificities that localize in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs in the mouse model of CVB3 infection. Mol. Immunol. 2020;124:218–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.017.Basavalingappa R.H., Arumugam R., Lasrado N., Yalaka B., Massilamany C., Gangaplara A., et al. Viral myocarditis involves the generation of autoreactive T cells with multiple antigen specificities that localize in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs in the mouse model of CVB3 infection. Mol. Immunol. 2020;124:218–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.017.Eisenhut M. Extrapulmonary manifestations of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection – A systematic review. Crit. Care. 2006;10(4):R107. DOI: 10.1186/cc4984.Eisenhut M. Extrapulmonary manifestations of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection – A systematic review. Crit. Care. 2006;10(4):R107. DOI: 10.1186/cc4984.Gavotto A., Ousselin A., Pidoux O., Cathala P., Costes-Martineau V., Riviere B., et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in a healthy 3-year-old child: a case report. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):462. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1847-2.Gavotto A., Ousselin A., Pidoux O., Cathala P., Costes-Martineau V., Riviere B., et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in a healthy 3-year-old child: a case report. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):462. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1847-2.Atamna A., Babich T., Froimovici D., Yahav D., Sorek N., Ben-Zvi H., et al. Morbidity and mortality of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized adults: Comparison with seasonal influenza. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2021;103:489–493. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.185.Atamna A., Babich T., Froimovici D., Yahav D., Sorek N., Ben-Zvi H., et al. Morbidity and mortality of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized adults: Comparison with seasonal influenza. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2021;103:489–493. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.185.Bohmwald K., Espinoza J.A., Rey-Jurado E., Gomez R.S., Gonzalez P.A., Bueno S.M., et al. Human respiratory syncytial virus: Infection and pathology. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016;37(4):522–537. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799.Bohmwald K., Espinoza J.A., Rey-Jurado E., Gomez R.S., Gonzalez P.A., Bueno S.M., et al. Human respiratory syncytial virus: Infection and pathology. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016;37(4):522–537. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799.Ivey K.S., Edwards K.M., Talbot H.K. Respiratory syncytial virus and associations with cardiovascular disease in adults. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018;71(14):1574–1583. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.013.Ivey K.S., Edwards K.M., Talbot H.K. Respiratory syncytial virus and associations with cardiovascular disease in adults. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018;71(14):1574–1583. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.013.Esposito S., Mastrolia M.V. Metapneumovirus infections and respiratory complications. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016;37(4):512–521. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584800.Esposito S., Mastrolia M.V. Metapneumovirus infections and respiratory complications. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016;37(4):512–521. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584800.Paget S.P., Andresen D.N., Kesson A.M., Egan J.R. Comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit. J. Paediatr. Child Health. 2011;47(10):737–741. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02043.x.Paget S.P., Andresen D.N., Kesson A.M., Egan J.R. Comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit. J. Paediatr. Child Health. 2011;47(10):737–741. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02043.x.Weinreich M.A., Jabbar A.Y., Malguria N., Haley R.W. New-onset myocarditis in an immunocompetent adult with acute metapneumovirus infection. Case Rep. Med. 2015;2015:814269. DOI: 10.1155/2015/814269.Weinreich M.A., Jabbar A.Y., Malguria N., Haley R.W. New-onset myocarditis in an immunocompetent adult with acute metapneumovirus infection. Case Rep. Med. 2015;2015:814269. DOI: 10.1155/2015/814269.Choi M.J., Song J.Y., Yang T.U., Jeon J.H., Noh J.Y., Hong K.W., et al. Acute myopericarditis caused by human metapneumovirus. Infect. Chemother. 2016;48(1):36–40. DOI: 10.3947/ic.2016.48.1.36.Choi M.J., Song J.Y., Yang T.U., Jeon J.H., Noh J.Y., Hong K.W., et al. Acute myopericarditis caused by human metapneumovirus. Infect. Chemother. 2016;48(1):36–40. DOI: 10.3947/ic.2016.48.1.36.Shao N., Liu B., Xiao Y., Wang X., Ren L., Dong J., et al. Genetic characteristics of human parainfluenza virus types 1–4 from patients with clinical respiratory tract infection in China. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12:679246. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.679246.Shao N., Liu B., Xiao Y., Wang X., Ren L., Dong J., et al. Genetic characteristics of human parainfluenza virus types 1–4 from patients with clinical respiratory tract infection in China. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12:679246. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.679246.Maykowski P., Smithgall M., Zachariah P., Oberhardt M., Vargas C., Reed C., et al. Seasonality and clinical impact of human parainfluenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses. 2018;12(6):706–716. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12597.Maykowski P., Smithgall M., Zachariah P., Oberhardt M., Vargas C., Reed C., et al. Seasonality and clinical impact of human parainfluenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses. 2018;12(6):706–716. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12597.Бондаренко С.С., Туманов Ф.А. Влияние гриппа и парагриппа на течение ишемической болезни сердца. Терапевтический архив. 1992;64(3):81–83.Bondarenko S.S., Tumanov F.A. The effect of influenza and para-influenza on the course of ischemic heart disease. Ter. Arkh. 1992;64(3):81–83. (In Russ.).Romero-Gomez M.P., Guereta L., Pareja-Grande J., Martinez-Alarcon J., Casas I., Ruiz-Carrascoso G., et al. Myocarditis caused by human parainfluenza virus in an immunocompetent child initially associated with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):2072–2073. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02638-10.Romero-Gomez M.P., Guereta L., Pareja-Grande J., Martinez-Alarcon J., Casas I., Ruiz-Carrascoso G., et al. Myocarditis caused by human parainfluenza virus in an immunocompetent child initially associated with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):2072–2073. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02638-10.Logunov D.Y., Dolzhikova I.V., Zubkova O.V., Tukhvatulin A.I., Shcheblyakov D.V., Dzharullaeva A.S., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: Two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 Studies from Russia. The Lancet. 2020; 396(10255):887–897. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3.Logunov D.Y., Dolzhikova I.V., Zubkova O.V., Tukhvatulin A.I., Shcheblyakov D.V., Dzharullaeva A.S., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: Two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 Studies from Russia. The Lancet. 2020; 396(10255):887–897. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3.Ильичев А.А., Орлова Л.А., Шарабрин С.В., Карпенко Л.И. Технология мРНК как одна из перспективных платформ для разработки вакцины против SARS-CoV-2. Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции. 2020;24(7):802–807. DOI: 10.18699/VJ20.676.Ilyichev A.A., Orlova L.A., Sharabrin S.V., Karpenko L.I. mRNA technology as one of the promising platforms for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii=Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2020;24(7):802–807. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18699/VJ20.676.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.