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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2023-38-2-166-173</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-1800</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности экспрессии цистеиновых катепсинов B/K/L/S/V/Z в биопротезах клапанов сердца, эксплантированных по причине дисфункции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Expression of cysteine cathepsins B/K/L/S/V/Z in failed bioprosthetic heart valves</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6099-0315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюнин</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyunin</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Костюнин Александр Евгеньевич - канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник, лаборатория новых биоматериалов </p><p> 650002, Российская Федерация, Кемерово, Сосновый бульвар, 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander E. Kostyunin - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Research Scientist, Laboratory of New Biomaterials</p><p>6, Sosnovy blvd., Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rhabdophis_tigrina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-0393</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глушкова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glushkova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Глушкова Татьяна Владимировна - канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория новых биоматериалов</p><p> 650002, Российская Федерация, Кемерово, Сосновый бульвар, 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana V. Glushkova - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Research Scientist, Laboratory of New Biomaterials </p><p>6, Sosnovy blvd., Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bio.tvg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4124-2316</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданов</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanov</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Богданов Лев Александрович, младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной, трансляционной и цифровой медицины</p><p>650002, Российская Федерация, Кемерово, Сосновый бульвар, 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leo A. Bogdanov - Junior Research Scientist, Laboratory of Molecular, Translational and Digital Medicine </p><p>6, Sosnovy blvd., Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bogdanovleone@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-4857</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутихин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutikhin</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кутихин Антон Геннадьевич - канд. мед. наук,  заведующий лабораторией молекулярной,  трансляционной и цифровой медицины</p><p> 650002, Российская Федерация, Кемерово, Сосновый бульвар, 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton G. Kutikhin - Cand. Sci. (Med.), PhD, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular, Translational and Digital Medicine </p><p>6, Sosnovy blvd., Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antonkutikhin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-3979</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овчаренко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovcharenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Овчаренко Евгений Андреевич - канд. техн. наук, заведующий лабораторией новых биоматериалов</p><p> 650002, Российская Федерация, Кемерово, Сосновый бульвар, 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny A. Ovcharenko - Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Head of the Laboratory of New Biomaterials </p><p>6, Sosnovy blvd., Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ov.eugene@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>38</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>166</fpage><lpage>173</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Костюнин А.Е., Глушкова Т.В., Богданов Л.А., Кутихин А.Г., Овчаренко Е.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Костюнин А.Е., Глушкова Т.В., Богданов Л.А., Кутихин А.Г., Овчаренко Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kostyunin A.E., Glushkova T.V., Bogdanov L.A., Kutikhin A.G., Ovcharenko E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1800">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1800</self-uri><abstract><p>Обоснование. Биопротезы клапанов сердца (БП) подвержены протеолитической деградации в организме реципиентов, приводящей к развитию дисфункций этих медицинских изделий. Ранее было установлено, что в тканях функционирующих БП накапливаются агрессивные коллагеназы и эластазы семейства цистеиновых катепсинов, но пути их поступления в биоматериал остались неисследованными.Цель: изучить паттерны локализации катепсинов B/K/L/S/V/Z в створках БП и выявить пути их поступления в биоткань.Материал и методы. Нами изучено 5 БП, эксплантированных из митральной позиции при репротезировании клапанов. Средний срок функционирования БП составил 169 ± 31 мес. Посредством криотома готовили серийные срезы створок, отбирая сегменты с дегенеративными изменениями. В целях анализа состава и структуры биоматериала срезы окрашивали пентахромом по Расселу – Мовату. Для типирования инфильтрирующих БП клеток и детекции протеаз применяли иммуногистохимический метод, используя антитела к лейкоцитарным маркерам (CD3/19/45/68 и нейтрофильной миелопероксидазе) и катепсинам B/K/L/S/V/Z.Результаты. При макроскопическом изучении эксплантированных БП выявлены дегенеративные изменения в створчатом аппарате, представленные разрывами и макрокальцификацией. В ходе микроскопического анализа створок отмечены признаки разрыхления и фрагментации коллагеновых волокон в поверхностных слоях, а также отсутствие эластических волокон и мукополисахаридов. На участках с дегенеративными изменениями присутствовали макрофагальные инфильтраты. Положительное окрашивание на катепсин B отмечено только в цитоплазме макрофагов. Окрашивание на катепсины K/L/S/V/Z наблюдали и в солокализации с иммунными клетками, и в бесклеточной ткани.Заключение. Макрофаги, формирующие плотные инфильтраты в створках БП, производят все виды изученных катепсинов. Также катепсины K/L/S/V/Z обнаружены в бесклеточных участках ткани, что указывает на имбибицию этих протеаз из плазмы крови.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) are prone to the proteolytic degradation, eventually resulting in their degeneration and failure. Previously, we found cysteine cathepsins with a collagenase and elastase activity in bioprosthetic tissue but it remained unclear whether they precipitated from the circulating blood or have been produced by the infiltrating host cells.Aim: To study the distribution of cathepsin B, cathepsin K, cathepsin L, cathepsin S, cathepsin V, and cathepsin Z in bioprosthetic heart valves and to identify their source.Material and Methods. We examined five BHVs excised from the mitral position during the repeated heart valve replacement. Average duration of BHV functioning was 169 ± 31 months. Consecutive sections from the degenerated BHV segments were investigated by Russell-Movat’s pentachrome staining and immunohistochemistry, employing antibodies to leukocyte markers (pan-leukocyte marker CD45, macrophage marker CD68, neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase, T cell marker CD3, and B cell marker CD19) and cathepsins (B, K, L, S, V, and Z).Results. Macrocalcification and tears were the most frequent degenerative alterations found in BHV leaflets. Further, BHVs were notable for the fragmentation of collagen fibers at and beneath the surface, and were devoid of elastic fibers and mucopolysaccharides. Macrophages were co-localised with the degraded extracellular matrix foci. Cathepsin B was detected only in macrophages whilst other cathepsins (K, L, S, V, and Z) were expressed both in the immune cells and extracellular matrix.Conclusion. Macrophages are capable of producing all cysteine cathepsins in BHV leaflets. Localisation of cathepsins K, L, S, V, and Z in the extracellular matrix also indicated blood as their major source.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биопротезы клапанов сердца</kwd><kwd>протеолитические ферменты</kwd><kwd>протеолиз</kwd><kwd>цистеиновые катепсины</kwd><kwd>структурная дегенерация клапана</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bioprosthetic heart valves</kwd><kwd>proteolytic enzymes</kwd><kwd>proteolysis</kwd><kwd>cysteine cathepsins</kwd><kwd>structural valve degeneration</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, грант № 21- 75-10107 «Мультидисциплинарный подход к профилактике протеолитической деградации эпоксиобработанных биологических протезов» (А.Е. Костюнин) (https://rscf.ru/en/ project/21-75-10107/).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 21-75-10107 “A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention of proteolytic degradation of epoxy-treated tissue heart valve prostheses” (Alexander Kostyunin) (https://rscf.ru/en/project/21-75-10107/).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Funkat A.K., Beckmann A., Lewandowski J., Frie M., Schiller W., Ernst M. et al. Cardiac surgery in Germany during 2011: a report on behalf of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2012;60(6):371–382. DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326724.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Funkat A.K., Beckmann A., Lewandowski J., Frie M., Schiller W., Ernst M. et al. 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