<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2023-38-2-293-304</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-1820</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ СЛУЧАИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL CASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гиперкоагуляция у пациента с язвенным колитом, ассоциированным с антифосфолипидным синдромом и латентной наследственной тромбофилией после COVID-19: клинический случай</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hypercoagulation in patient with ulcerative colitis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and latent inherited thrombophilia after COVID-19: a clinical case</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3829-5302</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исхакова</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Iskhakova</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Исхакова Диляра Габдрашитовна - заведующий отделением гастроэнтерологии</p><p>420103, Российская Федерация, Казань, ул. Маршала Чуйкова, 54 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dilyara G. Iskhakova - Head of the Department of Gastroenterology</p><p> 54, M. Chuikov str., Kazan, 420103, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iskhakova_d@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0147-8503</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Субхангулова</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Subkhangulova</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Субхангулова Динара Олеговна - студент лечебного факультета </p><p>420012, Российская Федерация, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, 49 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dinara O. Subkhangulova - Student, General Medicine Faculty</p><p> 49 Butlerova street, Kazan, 420012, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dinarasubkhan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5985-3089</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафина</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Safina</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Сафина Диляра Дамировна - старший преподаватель</p><p> 420008, Российская Федерация, Казань, ул. Кремлевская, 18 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dilyara D. Safina - Associate Professor, Internal Disease Department</p><p> 18, Kremlevskaya, str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dilyarad04@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0457-5835</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимова</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimova</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Ибрагимова Лилия Мухаматнуровна - врач-гастроэнтеролог,</p><p>420103, Российская Федерация, Казань, ул. Маршала Чуйкова, 54 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Liliya M. Ibragimova - Gastroenterologist, City Clinical Hospital № 7 </p><p> 54, M. Chuikov str., Kazan, 420103, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elik020886@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-2892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хазова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khazova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хазова Елена Владимировна - канд. мед. наук, доцент, кафедра пропедевтики внутренних болезней имени профессора С.С. Зимницкого</p><p>420012, Российская Федерация, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, 49 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Khazova - MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Аssociate Professor, Department of Propaedeutics of Human Diseases named after Professor S.S. Zimnitsky</p><p> 49 Butlerova street, Kazan, 420012, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hazova_elena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская клиническая больница № 7</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital № 7</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский государственный медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии Казанского федерального университета</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>38</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>304</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Исхакова Д.Г., Субхангулова Д.О., Сафина Д.Д., Ибрагимова Л.М., Хазова Е.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Исхакова Д.Г., Субхангулова Д.О., Сафина Д.Д., Ибрагимова Л.М., Хазова Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Iskhakova D.G., Subkhangulova D.O., Safina D.D., Ibragimova L.M., Khazova E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1820">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/1820</self-uri><abstract><p>Течение язвенного колита (ЯК) у пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией (COVID-19), а также в постковидном периоде представляет интерес и создает предпосылки для описания интересных клинических наблюдений. Описываемый клинический случай привлекает внимание врачей к необходимости комплексного, в т. ч. генетического тестирования пациентов с ЯК. В статье описывается клинический случай ассоциации ЯК с антифосфолипидным синдромом (АФС) и диагностированной латентной наследственной тромбофилией, активизация которой, вероятно, была вызвана активностью ЯК и применением местной терапии глюкокортикостероидами (ГКС). Не исключается и триггерная активность перенесенной незадолго до обострения ЯК новой коронавирусной инфекцией. Пациентке 1971 г. рожд. диагностирован ЯК в возрасте 12 лет. В дебюте обострения ЯК у пациентки наблюдалась лихорадка в утренние часы. В процессе обследования были исключены инфекционно-воспалительные процессы, новообразования, заболевания соединительной ткани. Была выявлена генетическая предрасположенность пациентки к повышенному тромбообразованию (гетерозигота ITGA2 C/Т, гетерозигота ITGB3 T/C). По данным ультразвукового исследования (УЗИ) и компьютерной томографии (КТ) брюшной полости, выявлены изогипоэхогенные тромботические массы в проекции бифуркации портальной вены с признаками пристеночной реканализации, субтотальный тромбоз правой печеночной ветви воротной вены, тромбоз верхней брыжеечной вены до 30%, нижней брыжеечной вены до 70%. Ведение пациентов с ЯК в стадии обострения, ассоциированным с COVID-19, требует персонифицированного мультидисциплинарного подхода с учетом факторов патогенеза тромботических осложнений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Patients with ulcerative colitis exacerbation associated with COVID-19 infection represent a particular group who require additional attention and follow-up due to an increased risk of thrombosis. The article presents a clinical case of a patient born in 1971 with ulcerative colitis in association with antiphospholipid syndrome. Additionally the patient had a latent inherited thrombophilia, which activation was probably caused by exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. Nevertheless, there may have been additional triggering activity of a COVID-19 infection that the patient suffered before the exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. The patient usually had a fever in the morning during an exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. During current hospitalization, fever was also presented. To clarify the cause of the fever patient’s examination was performed. Infectious and inflammatory processes, neoplasms, connective tissue diseases were excluded. However, genetic testing revealed the presence of an increased risk of thrombosis in the patient (ITGA2 C/T, ITGB3 T/C were presented). At the same time, thrombotic masses in the portal vein, subtotal thrombosis of the right hepatic branch of the portal vein, thrombosis of the upper mesenteric vein up to 30%, lower mesenteric vein up to 70% were detected during ultrasound and computer tomography (CT) examination of the abdominal cavity. It should be noted that the management of patients with exacerbation of ulcerative colitis, especially with association with COVID-19 infection, requires an individual approach considering the risk assessment of thrombotic complications. Comprehensive examination is highly recommended, including genetic testing of patients in the clinical management of such patients.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>язвенный колит</kwd><kwd>постковидный синдром</kwd><kwd>тромбоз</kwd><kwd>латентная тромбофилия</kwd><kwd>антифосфолипидный синдром</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ulcerative colitis</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>thrombosis</kwd><kwd>latent thrombophilia</kwd><kwd>antiphospholipid syndrome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou F., Yu T., Du R., Fan G., Liu Y., Liu Z. et al.: Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou F., Yu T., Du R., Fan G., Liu Y., Liu Z. et al.: Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Шептулин A.А., Зольникова О.Ю., Охлобыстин А.В., Полуэктова E.А., Трухманов А.С. и др. Новая коронавирусная инфекция (COVID-19) и система органов пищеварения. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии и проктологии. 2020;30(3):7–13. DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-3-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Sheptulin A.A., Zolnikova O.J., Ohlobystin A.V., Polyjektova E.A., Truhmanov A.S. et al. New Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) and Digestive System. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2020;30(3):7–13. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-3-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Драпкина О.М., Маев И.В., Бакулин И.Г., Никонов Е.Л., Чуланов В.П., Белоусова Е.А. и др. Временные методические рекомендации: «Болезни органов пищеварения в условиях пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19)». Профилактическая медицина. 2020;23(3):2120–2152. DOI: 10.17116/profmed202023032120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapkina O.M., Maev I.V., Bakulin I.G., Nikonov E.L., Chulanov V.P., Belousova E.A. et al. Interim guidelines: “Diseases of the digestive organs in the context of a new coronavirus infection pandemic (COVID-19)”. Profilakticheskaya Meditsina. 2020;23(3):2120–2152. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/profmed202023032120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мескина Е.Р., Целипанова Е.Е., Сохатюк Т.А. Клинический случай новой коронавирусной инфекции у подростка с язвенным колитом. Детские инфекции. 2021;20(3):67–72. DOI: 10.22627/2072-8107-2021-20-3-67-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meskina E.R., Tselipanova E.E., Sokhatyuk T.A. Clinical case of a new coronavirus infection in a teenager with ulcerative colitis. Children infections. 2021;20(3):67–72. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22627/2072-8107-2021-20-3-67-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лемешевская З.П., Павлюкевич М.В., Прокопчик Н.И. Неспецифический язвенный колит и COVID-19, случай из практики. Гепатология и гастроэнтерология. 2021;5(1):89–92. DOI: 10.25298/2616-5546-2021-5-1-89-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lemeshevskaya Z.P., Pavlyuevich M.V., Prokopchik N.I. Non-specific ulcerative colitis and COVID-19, a case study. Hepatology and gastroenterology. 2021; 5(1):89–92. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25298/2616-5546-2021-5-1-89-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazza S., Sorce A., Peyvandi F., Vecchi M., Caprioli F. A fatal case of COVID-19 pneumonia occurring in a patient with severe acute ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2020;69(6):1148–1149. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazza S., Sorce A., Peyvandi F., Vecchi M., Caprioli F. A fatal case of COVID-19 pneumonia occurring in a patient with severe acute ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2020;69(6):1148–1149. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao F., Tang M., Zheng X., Liu Y., Li X., Shan H. Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1831–1833.e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao F., Tang M., Zheng X., Liu Y., Li X., Shan H. Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1831–1833.e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Y., Guo C., Tang L., Hong Z., Zhou J., Dong X. et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):434–435. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Y., Guo C., Tang L., Hong Z., Zhou J., Dong X. et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):434–435. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed S., Zimba O., Gasparyan A.Y. Thrombosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through the prism of Virchow’s triad. Clin. Rheumatol. 2020;39(9):2529–2543. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05275-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed S., Zimba O., Gasparyan A.Y. Thrombosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through the prism of Virchow’s triad. Clin. Rheumatol. 2020;39(9):2529–2543. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05275-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hunt B., Retter A., McClintock C. Practical guidance for the prevention of thrombosis and management of coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation of patients infected with COVID-19. 25th March, 2020. (The British Society for Haematology). URL: https://b-s-h.org.uk/media/18171/th-and-covid-25-march-2020-final.pdf (17.10.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunt B., Retter A., McClintock C. Practical guidance for the prevention of thrombosis and management of coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation of patients infected with COVID-19. 25th March, 2020. (The British Society for Haematology). URL: https://b-s-h.org.uk/media/18171/th-and-covid-25-march-2020-final.pdf (17.10.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Tano G., Moschini L., Loffi M., Testa S., Danzi G.B. Late pulmonary embolism after COVID-19 pneumonia despite adequate rivaroxaban treatment. Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med. 2020;7(7):001790. DOI: 10.12890/2020_001790.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Tano G., Moschini L., Loffi M., Testa S., Danzi G.B. Late pulmonary embolism after COVID-19 pneumonia despite adequate rivaroxaban treatment. Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med. 2020;7(7):001790. DOI: 10.12890/2020_001790.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakr Y., Giovini M., Leone M., Pizzilli G., Kortgen A., Bauer M. et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: A narrative review. Ann. Intensive Care. 2020;10:124. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00741-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakr Y., Giovini M., Leone M., Pizzilli G., Kortgen A., Bauer M. et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: A narrative review. Ann. Intensive Care. 2020;10:124. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00741-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galstyan G.M. Coagulopathy in COVID-19. Pulmonology. 2020;30(5):645–657. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-5-645-657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galstyan G.M. Coagulopathy in COVID-19. Pulmonology. 2020;30(5):645–657. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-5-645-657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eljilany I., Elzoki A.N. D-dimer, fibrinogen, and IL-6 in COVID-19 patients with suspected venous thromboembolism: a narrative review. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2020;16:455–462. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S280962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eljilany I., Elzoki A.N. D-dimer, fibrinogen, and IL-6 in COVID-19 patients with suspected venous thromboembolism: a narrative review. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2020;16:455–462. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S280962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner D., Travis S.P., Griffiths A.M., Ruemmele F.M., Levine A., Benchimol E.I. et al. Consensus for managing acute severe ulcerative colitis in children: a systematic review and joint statement from ECCO, ESPGHAN, and the Porto IBDWorking Group of ESPGHAN. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2011;106:574–88. DOI: 10.1038/aig.2010.481.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner D., Travis S.P., Griffiths A.M., Ruemmele F.M., Levine A., Benchimol E.I. et al. Consensus for managing acute severe ulcerative colitis in children: a systematic review and joint statement from ECCO, ESPGHAN, and the Porto IBDWorking Group of ESPGHAN. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2011;106:574–88. DOI: 10.1038/aig.2010.481.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y.Z., Li Y.Y. Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(1):91–99. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y.Z., Li Y.Y. Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(1):91–99. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Owczarek D., Cibor D., Glowacki M.K., Rodacki T., Mach T. Inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, pathology and risk factors for hypercoagulability. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014;20(1):53–63. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Owczarek D., Cibor D., Glowacki M.K., Rodacki T., Mach T. Inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, pathology and risk factors for hypercoagulability. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014;20(1):53–63. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lapsia S., Meyer R., Abazari A., Usmani K., Gathungu G. Bilateral central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with ulcerative colitis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2016;62(3):e25–e26. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapsia S., Meyer R., Abazari A., Usmani K., Gathungu G. Bilateral central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with ulcerative colitis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2016;62(3):e25–e26. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
