<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2025-40-3-76-84</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-2823</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Взаимосвязь маркеров окислительного стресса с клиническими результатами радиочастотной аблации у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Relationship between oxidative stress markers and clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3147-3025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусакова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusakova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гусакова Анна Михайловна - канд. фарм. наук, старший научный сотрудник, отделение клинической лабораторной диагностики, НИИ кардиологии, Томский НИМЦ.</p><p>634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna M. Gusakova - Cand. Sci. (Pharm.), Research Scientist, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk NRMC.</p><p>111a, Kievskaya str., Tomsk, 634012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna@cardio-tomsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9645-6720</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суслова</surname><given-names>Т. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suslova</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Суслова Татьяна Евгеньевна - канд. мед. наук, заведующий отделением клинической лабораторной диагностики, НИИ кардиологии Томского НИМЦ.</p><p>634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana E. Suslova - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk NRMC.</p><p>111a, Kievskaya str., Tomsk, 634012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tes@cardio-tomsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-361X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арчаков</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Archakov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Арчаков Евгений Александрович - канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник, лаборатория высоких технологий диагностики и лечения нарушений ритма сердца, НИИ кардиологии Томского НИМЦ.</p><p>634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii A. Archakov - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Research Scientist, Laboratory of High Technologies for Diagnostics and Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk NRMC.</p><p>111a, Kievskaya str., Tomsk, 634012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aea_cardio@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9553-9647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усенков</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Usenkov</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Усенков Станислав Юрьевич - канд. мед. наук, врач по рентгенэндоваскулярным методам диагностики и лечения, отделение хирургического лечения сложных нарушений ритма сердца и электрокардиостимуляции, НИИ кардиологии Томского НИМЦ.</p><p>634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav Yu. Usenkov - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Physician, Department of Surgical Treatment of Complex Cardiac Arrhythmias and Electrical Pacing, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk NRMC.</p><p>111a, Kievskaya str., Tomsk, 634012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sturus@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-3932</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баталов</surname><given-names>Р. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Batalov</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баталов Роман Ефимович - д-р мед. наук, заведующий лабораторией высоких технологий диагностики и лечения нарушений ритма сердца, НИИ кардиологии Томского НИМЦ.</p><p>634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman E. Batalov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of High Technologies for Diagnostics and Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk NRMC.</p><p>111a, Kievskaya str., Tomsk, 634012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">romancer@cardio-tomsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт кардиологии, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук (НИИ кардиологии Томского НИМЦ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences (Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk NRMC)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гусакова А.М., Суслова Т.Е., Арчаков Е.А., Усенков С.Ю., Баталов Р.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гусакова А.М., Суслова Т.Е., Арчаков Е.А., Усенков С.Ю., Баталов Р.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gusakova A.M., Suslova T.E., Archakov E.A., Usenkov S.Y., Batalov R.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/2823">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/2823</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Среди сложных многофакторных патологических механизмов фибрилляции предсердий (ФП) окислительный стресс (ОС) занимает особое место. Он вызывает структурные изменения в предсердиях, способствует ремоделированию миокарда и прогрессированию аритмии, а также ассоциируется с развитием рецидивов после проведенного интервенционного лечения. В настоящее время отсутствуют данные о взаимосвязи плазменных уровней биомаркеров ОС с клинической эффективностью катетерного лечения ФП у больных с нарушениями ритма сердца.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: оценить содержание лабораторных биомаркеров прооксидантного и антиоксидантного статуса в плазме крови пациентов с ФП, проанализировать их взаимосвязь с эффективностью проводимого интервенционного лечения. Материал и методы. В исследование включены 39 пациентов с идиопатической ФП, госпитализированных для интервенционного лечения методом радиочастотной аблации (РЧА) устьев легочных вен. Методом иммуноферментного анализа проводили количественное определение биомаркеров в крови до проведения операции. В течение 3 мес. собирали и анализировали данные о рецидивах ФП и времени их наступления.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. C учетом течения и длительности аритмии пациенты были разделены на группы: группа 1 – пациенты с пароксизмальной, группа 2 – с персистирующей, группа 3 – с длительно персистирующей формой ФП. Во всех группах уровень PerOx соответствовал высокой степени ОС. В группах 1 и 3 установлены статистически значимые взаимосвязи между PerOx и уровнем С-реактивного белка (СРБ). В группе 1 увеличение длительности периода заболевания было ассоциировано со снижением концентрации Gpx1. В группе 2 установлена статистически значимая связь PerOx с возрастом больных. У пациентов мужского пола с пароксизмальной ФП (группа 1) медиана уровня PerOx была ниже, чем у женщин. В группе 3 у женщин с длительно персистирующей ФП выявлено содержание Gpx1 ниже, чем у мужчин. По итогам 3 мес. эффективность РЧА значимо не отличалась между группами и составила 78,6; 75 и 84,6% соответственно. Показана связь развития рецидивов аритмии после РЧА с уровнями биомаркеров. В группе 1 у пациентов с эпизодами аритмии содержание PerOx было выше, чем в двух других группах.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Измерение биомаркеров, отражающих системный ОС и антиоксидантный статус у пациентов с ФП, является перспективным инструментом для мониторинга и оценки эффективности интервенционного лечения аритмий.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Oxidative stress holds a prominent position among the complex and multifactorial pathological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation (AF). It induces structural changes in the atria, promotes myocardial remodeling and arrhythmia progression, and is associated with recurrences after interventional treatment. Currently, there is a lack of data regarding the relationship between plasma levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and the clinical efficacy of catheter ablation for AF in patients with cardiac arrhythmias.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: To assess levels of laboratory biomarkers of prooxidant and antioxidant status in the blood plasma of patients with AF and their relationship with the effectiveness of interventional treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The study included 39 patients with idiopathic AF hospitalized for interventional treatment by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the pulmonary vein ostia. Quantitative determination of biomarkers in the blood was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before the surgery. Data on AF relapses and the time of their onset were collected and analyzed for 3 months.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The patients were divided into groups: 1st gr. – paroxysmal AF, 2d gr. persistent, 3d gr. long-term persistent. In all groups, the PerOx level corresponded to a high degree of oxidative stress. In 1st gr. and 3d gr., the relationships between PerOx and the CRP level are shown. An increase in the duration of the disease period was associated with a decrease in the concentration of Gpx1 in the 1st gr. For 2d gr., the relationship of PerOx with the age of patients is shown. The effectiveness of RFA did not differ significantly between the groups and amounted to 78,6, 75 and 84,6%, respectively. The relationships of biomarkers with the development of arrhythmia recurrence after RFA are shown. In 1st gr., in patients with episodes of arrhythmia, the PerOx level was higher compared to other forms of AF.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Measuring biomarkers reflecting systemic oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients with AF is a promising tool for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of interventional arrhythmia treatment.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фибрилляция предсердий</kwd><kwd>радиочастотная аблация</kwd><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd><kwd>активные формы кислорода</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd><kwd>radiofrequency ablation</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>reactive oxygen species</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">исследование выполнено без финансовой поддержки грантов, общественных, некоммерческих, коммерческих организаций и структур</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the study was carried out without financial support from grants, public, non-profit, commercial organizations and structures</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart S., Hart C.L., Hole D.J., McMurray J.J. Population prevalence, incidence, and predictors of atrial fibrillation in the Renfrew/Paisley study. Heart. 2020;86(5):516–521. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.86.5.516.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart S., Hart C.L., Hole D.J., McMurray J.J. Population prevalence, incidence, and predictors of atrial fibrillation in the Renfrew/Paisley study. Heart. 2020;86(5):516–521. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.86.5.516.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrade J.G., Deyell M.W., Khairy P., Champagne J., Leong-Sit P., Novak P. et al. Atrial fibrillation progression after cryoablation vs. radiofrequency ablation: the CIRCA-DOSE trial. Eur. Heart J. 2024;45(7):510–518. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad572.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrade J.G., Deyell M.W., Khairy P., Champagne J., Leong-Sit P., Novak P. et al. Atrial fibrillation progression after cryoablation vs. radiofrequency ablation: the CIRCA-DOSE trial. Eur. Heart J. 2024;45(7):510–518. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad572.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haibo N., Morotti S., Zhang X., Dobrev D., Grandi E. Integrative human atrial modelling unravels interactive protein kinase A and Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II signalling as key determinants of atrial arrhythmogenesis. Cardiovasc. Res. 2023;119:2294–2311. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvad118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haibo N., Morotti S., Zhang X., Dobrev D., Grandi E. Integrative human atrial modelling unravels interactive protein kinase A and Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II signalling as key determinants of atrial arrhythmogenesis. Cardiovasc. Res. 2023;119:2294–2311. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvad118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шелемехов А.Е., Баталов Р.Е., Роговская Ю.В., Гусакова А.М., Попов С.В., Хлынин М.С. Катетерное лечение пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий и воспалением миокарда. Кардиология. 2020;60(3):102–110. https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.3.n891.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shelemekhov A.E., Batalov R.E., Rogovskaya Ju.V., Gusakova A.M., Popov S.V., Khlynyn M.S. Catheter treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation and myocardial inflammation. Kardiologiia. 2020;60(3):102– 110. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.3.n891.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арчаков Е.А., Баталов Р.Е., Усенков С.Ю., Степанов И.В., Афанасьев С.А., Попов С.В. Эффективность аблации фибрилляции предсердий при наличии хронического миокардита. Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины. 2023;38(4):97– 105. https://doi.org/10.29001/2073-8552-2023-38-4-97-105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Archakov E.A., Batalov R.E., Usenkov S.U., Stepanov I.V., Afanasiev S.A., Popov S.V. Effectiveness of atrial fibrillation ablation in the presence of chronic myocarditis. Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2023;38(4):97–105. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.29001/2073-8552-2023-38-4-97-105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roşian Ş.H., Boarescu I., Boarescu P-M. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of bioactive compounds in atherosclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(3):1379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roşian Ş.H., Boarescu I., Boarescu P-M. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of bioactive compounds in atherosclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(3):1379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Afzal S., Abdul Manap A.S., Attiq A., Albokhadaim I., Kandeel M., Alhojaily S.M. From imbalance to impairment: The central role of reactive oxygen species in oxidative stress-induced disorders and therapeutic exploration. Front. Pharmacol. 2023;14:1269581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1269581.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afzal S., Abdul Manap A.S., Attiq A., Albokhadaim I., Kandeel M., Alhojaily S.M. From imbalance to impairment: The central role of reactive oxygen species in oxidative stress-induced disorders and therapeutic exploration. Front. Pharmacol. 2023;14:1269581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1269581.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ho E., Karimi Galougahi K., Liu C.C., Bhindi R., Figtree G.A. Biological markers of oxidative stress: Applications to cardiovascular research маркер галектин-3 в диагностике воспалительных изменений ми окарда у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий. Медицинская иммунология. 2023;25(4):963–970. https://doi.org/10.15789/15630625-LBG-2743.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ho E., Karimi Galougahi K., Liu C.C., Bhindi R., Figtree G.A. Biological markers of oxidative stress: Applications to cardiovascular research маркер галектин-3 в диагностике воспалительных изменений ми окарда у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий. Медицинская иммунология. 2023;25(4):963–970. https://doi.org/10.15789/15630625-LBG-2743.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Opacic D., van Bragt K.A., Nasrallah H.M., Schotten U., Verheule S. Atrial metabolism and tissue perfusion as determinants of electrical and structural remodelling in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc. Res. 2016;109(4):527–541. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvw007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Opacic D., van Bragt K.A., Nasrallah H.M., Schotten U., Verheule S. Atrial metabolism and tissue perfusion as determinants of electrical and structural remodelling in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc. Res. 2016;109(4):527–541. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvw007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wijesurendra R.S., Casadei B. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2019;105:1860–1867. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wijesurendra R.S., Casadei B. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2019;105:1860–1867. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гусакова А.М., Роговская Ю.В., Арчаков Е.А. Лабораторный биомаркер галектин-3 в диагностике воспалительных изменений миокарда у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий. Медицинская иммунология. 2023;25(4):963–970. https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-LBG-2743.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gusakova A.M., Rogovskaya Yu.V., Archakov E.A. Laboratory biomarker galectin-3 in the diagnostics of myocardial inflammatory changes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Medical Immunology (Russia). 2023;25(4):963–970. https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-LBG-2743.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hindricks G., Potpara T., Dagres N., Arbelo Е., Bax J.J., Blomstrӧm-Lundqvist С. и др. Рекомендации ESC 2020 по диагностике и лечению пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий, разработанные совместно с Европейской ассоциацией кардиоторакальной хирургии (EACTS). Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(9):4701. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hindricks G., Potpara T., Dagres N., Arbelo Е., Bax J.J., BlomstrӧmLundqvist С. et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(9):4701. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakasis P., Theofilis P., Vlachakis P.K., Korantzopoulos P., Patoulias D., Antoniadis A.P. et al. Atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: Mechanistic insights, diagnostic challenges, and emerging therapeutic targets. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(1):209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakasis P., Theofilis P., Vlachakis P.K., Korantzopoulos P., Patoulias D., Antoniadis A.P. et al. Atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: Mechanistic insights, diagnostic challenges, and emerging therapeutic targets. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(1):209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deng H., Bai Y., Shantsila A., Fauchier L., Potpara T.S., Lip G.Y.H. Clinical scores for outcomes of rhythm control or arrhythmia progression in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2017;106:813–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-017-1123-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deng H., Bai Y., Shantsila A., Fauchier L., Potpara T.S., Lip G.Y.H. Clinical scores for outcomes of rhythm control or arrhythmia progression in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2017;106:813–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-017-1123-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padfield G.J., Steinberg C., Swampillai J., Qian H., Connolly S.J., Dorian P. et al. Progression of paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation: 10-year follow-up in the Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(6):801–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.01.038.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padfield G.J., Steinberg C., Swampillai J., Qian H., Connolly S.J., Dorian P. et al. Progression of paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation: 10-year follow-up in the Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(6):801–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.01.038.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oikonomou E., Zografos T., Papamikroulis G.A., Siasos G., Vogiatzi G., Theofilis P. et al. Biomarkers in atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;26(5):873–887. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170830100424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oikonomou E., Zografos T., Papamikroulis G.A., Siasos G., Vogiatzi G., Theofilis P. et al. Biomarkers in atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;26(5):873–887. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170830100424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sunderland N., Maruthappu M., Nagendran M. What size of left atrium significantly impairs the success of maze surgery for atrial fibrillation? Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2011;13(3):332–338.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sunderland N., Maruthappu M., Nagendran M. What size of left atrium significantly impairs the success of maze surgery for atrial fibrillation? Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2011;13(3):332–338.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ihara K. Sasano T. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Front. Physiol. 2022;13:862164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.862164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ihara K. Sasano T. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Front. Physiol. 2022;13:862164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.862164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sikora W., Kanikowska D., Budzianowski J., Kawka E., Rutkowski R., Korybalska K. Assessment of blood endothelial cell biomarkers in women and men with abnormal body mass and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation based on CHA2DS2-VASC score: A retrospective study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(8):3627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083627.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sikora W., Kanikowska D., Budzianowski J., Kawka E., Rutkowski R., Korybalska K. Assessment of blood endothelial cell biomarkers in women and men with abnormal body mass and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation based on CHA2DS2-VASC score: A retrospective study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(8):3627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083627.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
