<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2026-41-2-184-192</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-3171</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка модели хронической лимфедемы у крыс и оценка ее морфофункциональных характеристик</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of a rat model of chronic lymphedema and evaluation of its morphofunctional characteristics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-8832</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максаев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksaev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максаев Денис Алексеевич - канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры сердечно-сосудистой, рентгенэндоваскулярной хирургии и лучевой диагностики, РязГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>390026, Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis A. Maksaev - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Cardiovascular, Endovascular Surgery and Radiation Diagnostics, RSMU.</p><p>9, Vysokovol'tnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Denma1804@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0817-9573</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинин</surname><given-names>Р. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinin</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Калинин Роман Евгеньевич - д-р мед. наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, заведующий кафедрой сердечно-сосудистой, рентгенэндоваскулярной хирургии и лучевой диагностики, РязГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>390026, Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman E. Kalinin - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Cardiovascular, Endovascular Surgery and Radiation Diagnostics, RSMU.</p><p>9, Vysokovol'tnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kalinin-re@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1292-5452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сучков</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suchkov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сучков Игорь Александрович - д-р мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры сердечно-сосудистой, рентгенэндоваскулярной хирургии и лучевой диагностики, РязГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>390026, Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Suchkov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of Cardiovascular, Endovascular Surgery and Radiation Diagnostics, RSMU.</p><p>9, Vysokovol'tnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">suchkov_med@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7292-4996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черданцева</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherdantseva</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черданцева Татьяна Михайловна - д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой гистологии, патологической анатомии и медицинской генетики, РязГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>390026, Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana M. Cherdantseva - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Histology, Pathological Anatomy, and Medical Genetics, RSMU.</p><p>9, Vysokovol'tnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.cherdantseva@rzgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1943-2244</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гузаиров</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Guzairov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гузаиров Дмитрий Владиславович - ассистент, кафедра гистологии, патологической анатомии и медицинской генетики, РязГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>390026, Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy V. Guzairov - Assistant, Department of Histology, Pathological Anatomy, and Medical Genetics, RSMU.</p><p>9, Vysokovol'tnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ya.dima120199@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8224-824X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павлов Артем Владимирович - д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой анатомии, РязГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>390026, Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem V. Pavlov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Anatomy, RSMU.</p><p>9, Vysokovol'tnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">av.pavlov-rzgmu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Рязанский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (РязГМУ Минздрава России)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryazan State Medical University (RSMU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>41</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>184</fpage><lpage>192</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Максаев Д.А., Калинин Р.Е., Сучков И.А., Черданцева Т.М., Гузаиров Д.В., Павлов А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Максаев Д.А., Калинин Р.Е., Сучков И.А., Черданцева Т.М., Гузаиров Д.В., Павлов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maksaev D.A., Kalinin R.E., Suchkov I.A., Cherdantseva T.M., Guzairov D.V., Pavlov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/3171">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/3171</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: разработать минимально инвазивную модель хронической лимфедемы тазовой конечности у крыс путем введения раствора детергента в лимфатические узлы без выполнения лимфодиссекции и оценить ее морфофункциональные характеристики.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Эксперимент проведен на 14 самцах аутбредных крыс Wistar, разделенных на опытную (n = 7) и контрольную (n = 7) группы. Животным опытной группы в левую тазовую конечность вводили по 0,3 мл 3% лауромакрогола 400 в подколенный и паховые лимфатические узлы через небольшие разрезы кожи без удаления лимфоузлов. Правая конечность служила внутрииндивидуальным контролем. Оценку проводили через 60 сут: измеряли окружность конечности в 7 точках и выполняли гистологическое исследование (окраска гематоксилином и эозином, по Ван-Гизону).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Через 60 сут в опытной группе зафиксировано достоверное увеличение окружности левой конечности по сравнению с правой (суммарный прирост: 2,4 ± 0,7 см; p = 0,000074) и с левой конечностью контрольной группы (p &lt; 0,05 во всех точках). Гистологически выявлены признаки хронической лимфедемы II–III стадии: утолщение эпидермиса, интерстициальный отек, разволокнение коллагена, лимфоцитарно-макрофагальная инфильтрация, гипертрофия адипоцитов и начальный фиброз. В правой конечности опытной группы и в обеих конечностях контрольной группы морфология оставалась интактной.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработана новая минимально инвазивная модель хронической лимфедемы тазовой конечности у крыс с высокой воспроизводимостью, морфологической достоверностью и технологической доступностью. Она может использоваться при изучении патогенеза фиброза и адипогенеза при лимфедеме, разработке и оценке новых фармакологических подходов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: To develop a minimally invasive model of chronic lymphedema in the hind limb of rats by injecting a detergent solution into lymph nodes without performing lymph node dissection and to evaluate its morphofunctional characteristics.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The experiment was conducted on 14 male outbred Wistar rats divided into experimental (n = 7) and control (n = 7) groups. In the experimental group, 0.3 mL of 3% lauromacrogol 400 was injected into the popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes of the left hind limb through small skin incisions without lymph node removal. The right limb served as an internal control. Assessment was performed on day 60: limb circumference was measured at 7 points, and histological examination was carried out (hematoxylin and eosin staining, Van Gieson staining).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. On day 60, the experimental group showed a statistically significant increase in the circumference of the left limb compared to the right limb (total increase: 2.4 ± 0.7 cm; p = 0.000074) and compared to the left limb of the control group (p &lt; 0.05 at all measurement points). Histologically, signs of stage II–III chronic lymphedema were observed: epidermal thickening, interstitial edema, collagen fiber disorganization, lymphocyte-macrophage infiltration, adipocyte hypertrophy, and early fibrosis. The right limb of the experimental group and both limbs of the control group retained intact morphology.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. A new minimally invasive model of chronic lymphedema in the rat hind limb has been developed with high reproducibility, morphological validity, and technical accessibility. It can be used to study the pathogenesis of fibrosis and adipogenesis in lymphedema, as well as to develop and evaluate new pharmacological approaches.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лимфедема</kwd><kwd>модель хронической лимфедемы</kwd><kwd>лауромакрогол 400</kwd><kwd>полидоканол</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd><kwd>лимфоцитарно-макрофагальная инфильтрация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lymphedema</kwd><kwd>chronic lymphedema model</kwd><kwd>lauromacrogol 400</kwd><kwd>polidocanol</kwd><kwd>fibrosis</kwd><kwd>lymphocyte-macrophage infiltration</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнялась в соответствии с планом НИР ФГБОУ ВО РязГМУ Минздрава России.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out in accordance with the Research Work Plan of Ryazan State Medical University.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калинин Р.Е., Сучков И.А., Максаев Д.А. Эндотелиальная дисфункция у пациентов с вторичной лимфедемой и способы ее коррекции (обзор литературы). Наука молодых (Eruditio Juvenium). 2019;7(2):283–293. https://doi.org/10.23888/HMJ201972283-293</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinin R.E., Suchkov I.A., Maksaev D.A. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with secondary lymphedema and methods of its correction (literature review). Science of the young (Eruditio Juvenium). 2019;7(2):283–293. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23888/HMJ201972283-293</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филина Ю.В., Фейсханов А.К., Ибрагимова А.Р. и др. Роль белка-организатора системы планарной клеточной полярности (CELSR1) в развитии первичной лимфедемы. Флебология. 2024;18(2):163–172. https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo202418021163</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filina Yu.V., Feyskhanov A.K., Ibragimova A.R. et al. Cadherin EGF LAG Seven-Pass G-type Receptor 1 (CELSR1) in Primary Lymphedema. Journal of Venous Disorders. 2024;18(2):163–172. (In Russ.). https:// doi.org/10.17116/flebo202418021163</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rockson S.G. Lymphedema after breast cancer treatment. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(20):1937–1944. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1803290</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rockson S.G. Lymphedema after breast cancer treatment. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(20):1937–1944. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1803290</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayes S.C., Janda M., Ward L.C. et al. Lymphedema following gynecological cancer: Results from a prospective, longitudinal cohort study on prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;146(3):623–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayes S.C., Janda M., Ward L.C. et al. Lymphedema following gynecological cancer: Results from a prospective, longitudinal cohort study on prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;146(3):623–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Decorte T., Cerckel M., Kheir G.B. et al. Risk factors for lower limb lymphedema after gynecological cancer treatment: a systematic review. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1561836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2025.1561836</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decorte T., Cerckel M., Kheir G.B. et al. Risk factors for lower limb lymphedema after gynecological cancer treatment: a systematic review. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1561836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2025.1561836</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grada A.A., Phillips T.J. Lymphedema: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(6):1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grada A.A., Phillips T.J. Lymphedema: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(6):1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rusznyák I., Földi M., Szabó G. Lymphatics and Lymph Circulation. 2nd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967:704. eBook ISBN: 9781483185972</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rusznyák I., Földi M., Szabó G. Lymphatics and Lymph Circulation. 2nd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967:704. eBook ISBN: 9781483185972</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee-Donaldson L., Witte M.H., Bernas M. et al. Refinement of a rodent model of peripheral lymphedema. Lymphology. 1999;32(3):111–117. PMID: 10494523.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee-Donaldson L., Witte M.H., Bernas M. et al. Refinement of a rodent model of peripheral lymphedema. Lymphology. 1999;32(3):111–117. PMID: 10494523.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanter M., Slavin S., Kaplan W. An experimental model for chronic lymphedema. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1990;85(4):573–580. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199004000-00006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanter M., Slavin S., Kaplan W. An experimental model for chronic lymphedema. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1990;85(4):573–580. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199004000-00006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Деркачев С.Н., Кобзарь И.Г., Селимов Ш.В. и др. Эволюция методов хирургического лечения пациентов с варикозной болезнью. Российский медико-биологический вестник имени академика И.П. Павлова. 2025;33(4):599–610. https://doi.org/10.17816/PAVLOVJ686883. EDN: ZKNKAM</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Derkachev S.N., Kobzar I.G., Selimov Sh.V. et al. Evolution of Surgical Treatment Methods for Patients with Varicose Veins. I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald. 2025;33(4):599–610. https://doi.org/10.17816/PAVLOVJ686883. EDN: ZKNKAM</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azhar S.H., Lim H.Y., Tan B.K., Angeli V. The unresolved pathophysiology of lymphedema. Front Physiol. 2020;11:137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azhar S.H., Lim H.Y., Tan B.K., Angeli V. The unresolved pathophysiology of lymphedema. Front Physiol. 2020;11:137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00137</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li C.Y., Kataru R.P., Mehrara B.J. Histopathologic features of lymphedema: a molecular review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072546</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li C.Y., Kataru R.P., Mehrara B.J. Histopathologic features of lymphedema: a molecular review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072546</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sano M., Hirakawa S., Sasaki T. et al. Role of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues in the Pathophysiology of Secondary Lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2022;20(6):593–599. https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2021.0054</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sano M., Hirakawa S., Sasaki T. et al. Role of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues in the Pathophysiology of Secondary Lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2022;20(6):593–599. https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2021.0054</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Байтингер В.Ф., Суходоло И.В., Курочкина О.С. и др. Морфологические изменения в коже и подкожной клетчатке при создании экспериментальной модели лимфедемы на задней конечности белой крысы. Вопросы реконструктивной и пластической хирургии. 2022;25(1):40–52. https://doi.org/10.52581/1814-1471/80/05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baytinger V.F., Sukhodolo I.V., Kurochkina O.S. et al. Morphological changes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue during the creation of an experimental model of lymphedema on the hind limb of a white rat. Issues of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery. 2022;25(1):40–52. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52581/1814-1471/80/05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tabibiazar R., Cheung L., Han J. et al. Inflammatory manifestations of experimental lymphatic insufficiency. PLoS Med. 2006;3(7):e254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030254</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabibiazar R., Cheung L., Han J. et al. Inflammatory manifestations of experimental lymphatic insufficiency. PLoS Med. 2006;3(7):e254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030254</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zampell J.C., Yan A., Elhadad S. et al. CD4(+) cells regulate fibrosis and lymphangiogenesis in response to lymphatic fluid stasis. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049940</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zampell J.C., Yan A., Elhadad S. et al. CD4(+) cells regulate fibrosis and lymphangiogenesis in response to lymphatic fluid stasis. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049940</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowman C., Rockson S.G. The Role of Inflammation in Lymphedema: A Narrative Review of Pathogenesis and Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024;25(7):3907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073907</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowman C., Rockson S.G. The Role of Inflammation in Lymphedema: A Narrative Review of Pathogenesis and Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024;25(7):3907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073907</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
