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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2026-41-3-182-188</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-3269</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная нейропротекторная эффективность фармакологических агентов при ударно-контузионной травме головного мозга у крыс</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative neuroprotective efficacy of pharmacological agents in contusion traumatic brain injury in rats</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1092-7901</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вихорь</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vikhor</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вихорь Анастасия Алексеевна - соискатель, кафедра фармакологии с курсом клинической фармакологии ПМФИ.</p><p>357532, Пятигорск, ул. Калинина, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia A. Vikhor - Applicant, Department of Pharmacology with a Course in Clinical Pharmacology, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute.</p><p>11, Kalinina Str., Pyatigorsk, 357532</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anastasiaal3xeevna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-8182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поздняков</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pozdnyakov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Поздняков Дмитрий Игоревич - д-р фарм. наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой фармакологии с курсом клинической фармакологии ПМФИ.</p><p>357532, Пятигорск, ул. Калинина, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry I. Pozdnyakov - Dr. Sci. (Pharm.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Pharmacology with a Course in Clinical Pharmacology, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute.</p><p>11, Kalinina Str., Pyatigorsk, 357532</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pozdniackow.dmitry@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Пятигорский медико-фармацевтический институт – филиал ФГБОУ ВО «Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute – Branch of Volgograd State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>41</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>182</fpage><lpage>188</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вихорь А.А., Поздняков Д.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вихорь А.А., Поздняков Д.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vikhor A.A., Pozdnyakov D.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/3269">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/3269</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Черепно-мозговая травма (ЧМТ) остается ведущей причиной смертности и инвалидизации лиц молодого и трудоспособного возраста. Ключевыми звеньями вторичного повреждения головного мозга являются глутаматная эксайтотоксичность, оксидативный стресс, митохондриальная дисфункция, нейровоспаление и дисрегуляция матриксных металлопротеиназ (ММР). Сравнительная эффективность нейропротекторных средств с разными механизмами действия при ЧМТ требует изучения ввиду недостаточной освещенности данной проблемы.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: в эксперименте провести сравнительную оценку нейропротекторного действия мемантина, холина альфосцерата, цитиколина и этилметилгидроксипиридина сукцината (ЭМГПС) на модели ударно-контузионной ЧМТ (УК-ЧМТ) у крыс по показателям оксидативного стресса, нейровоспаления, эксайтотоксичности, активности ММР-2 и энергетического обмена.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Исследование выполнено на 60 самцах крыс линии Wistar, разделенных на 6 групп, по 10 особей в каждой: ложнооперированные (ЛО), негативный контроль (НК), а также группы, получавшие мемантин, холина альфосцерат, цитиколин и ЭМГПС. УК-ЧМТ у крыс моделировали под анестезией грузом 50 г с высоты 25 см. Препараты вводили перорально со 2-х по 8-е сутки. В гомогенатах головного мозга и митохондриальной фракции определяли фактор некроза опухоли-α (TNFα), глутамат, ММР-2, митохондриальный пероксид водорода (MitoH2O2), аэробный и анаэробный метаболизм.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. УК-ЧМТ вызвала статистически значимое повышение средних значений TNFα на 261,8 % (p &lt; 0,05), MitoH2O2 на 92,3%, глутамата – на 73,2%, ММР-2 – на 81,8%, анаэробного метаболизма – на 146,7% и снижение средних значений аэробного обмена на 56,1% (p &lt; 0,05). Наиболее выраженное восстановление когнитивных функций (Y-лабиринт) обеспечил ЭМГПС (+103% от НК, p &lt; 0,05), который также максимально снижал в среднем MitoH2O2 (на 42,3%) и глутамат (на 26%), повышал в среднем аэробный обмен (на 50%). Мемантин снижал средний уровень глутамата (на 31,3 %; p &lt; 0,05) и MMP-2 (на 25,6 %; p &lt; 0,05), не создавал статистически значимых различий в средних уровнях TNFα и MitoH2O2 (p &gt; 0,05). Холина альфосцерат и цитиколин показали частичные, но разнонаправленные эффекты.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. ЭМГПС продемонстрировал наиболее сбалансированное нейропротекторное действие при УК-ЧМТ, что делает его перспективным для дальнейших доклинических и клинических исследований. Целесообразно изучение комбинированной терапии и более длительные сроки наблюдения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of mortality and disability among young and working-age individuals. Key mechanisms of secondary brain damage include glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases. The comparative efficacy of neuroprotective agents with different mechanisms of action in TBI requires investigation due to the insufficient coverage of this problem.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: To conduct a comparative experimental evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of memantine, choline alfoscerate, citicoline, and ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in a rat model of contusion traumatic brain injury based on parameters of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, MMP-2 activity, and energy metabolism.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The study was performed on 60 male Wistar rats divided into 6 groups of 10 animals each: sham-operated (SO), negative control (NC), as well as groups receiving memantine, choline alfoscerate, citicoline, or EMHPS (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate). Contusion traumatic brain injury (cTBI) was induced under anesthesia by dropping a 50 g weight from a height of 2 cm. The compounds were administered orally from days 2 to 8 post-injury. Brain homogenates and mitochondrial fractions were analyzed for TNFα, glutamate, MMP-2, MitoH2O2, as well as aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. cTBI caused an increase in TNFα by 261.8% (p &lt; 0.05), MitoH2O2 by 92.3%, glutamate by 73.2%, MMP-2 by 81.8%, and anaerobic metabolism by 146.7%, as well as a decrease in aerobic metabolism by 56.1% (p &lt; 0.05). The most pronounced restoration of cognitive function (Y-maze) was provided by EMHPS (+103% relative to NC, p &lt; 0.05), which also maximally reduced MitoH2O2 (by 42.3%) and glutamate (by 26%), and increased aerobic metabolism (by 50%). Memantine reduced glutamate levels (by 31.3%; p &lt; 0.05) and MMP-2 (by 25.6%; p &lt; 0.05), but had no effect on TNFα or MitoH2O2 (p &gt; 0.05). Choline alfoscerate and citicoline showed partial but divergent effects.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (EMHPS) demonstrated the most balanced neuroprotective effect in cTBI, making it promising for further preclinical and clinical studies. Investigation of combination therapy and longer observation periods is warranted.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>черепно-мозговая травма</kwd><kwd>нейропротекция</kwd><kwd>мемантин</kwd><kwd>цитиколин</kwd><kwd>оксидативный стресс</kwd><kwd>животные</kwd><kwd>крысы линии Wistar</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>traumatic brain injury</kwd><kwd>neuroprotection</kwd><kwd>memantine</kwd><kwd>citicoline</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>animals</kwd><kwd>rats Wistar</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина М.В. Комбинированное применение нейропротекторов в терапии цереброваскулярных заболеваний. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2016;116(11):58–63. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201611611158-63 EDN: XVOYVB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina M.V. 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