<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2026-41-3-173-181</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-3271</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ гендерно-возрастных закономерностей развития атеросклероза аорты и липидно-кальциевого поражения створок аортального клапана сердца у гиперлипидемических мышей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Analysis of gender and age-related patterns of lipid and calcium deposition in aortas and aortic valve leaflets of hyperlipidemic mice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2810-3100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каноныкина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kanonykina</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каноныкина Анастасия Юрьевна - младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной, трансляционной и цифровой медицины отдела экспериментальной медицины, НИИ КПССЗ.</p><p>650002, Кемерово, бульвар имени академика Л.С. Барбараша, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia Yu. Kanonykina - Junior Research Scientist, Laboratory for Molecular, Translational, and Digital Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases.</p><p>6, Barbarash Boulevard, 6, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">koteyan@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1834-6045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьев</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratiev</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кондратьев Егор Андреевич - младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной, трансляционной и цифровой медицины отдела экспериментальной медицины, НИИ КПССЗ.</p><p>650002, Кемерово, бульвар имени академика Л.С. Барбараша, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Egor A. Kondratiev - Junior Research Scientist, Laboratory for Molecular, Translational, and Digital Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases.</p><p>6, Barbarash Boulevard, 6, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kondr6216@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6293-6974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрина</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurina</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тюрина Арина Евгеньевна - младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной, трансляционной и цифровой медицины отдела экспериментальной медицины, НИИ КПССЗ.</p><p>650002, Кемерово, бульвар имени академика Л.С. Барбараша, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arina E. Tyurina - Junior Research Scientist, Laboratory for Molecular, Translational, and Digital Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases.</p><p>6, Barbarash Boulevard, 6, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arishenka.tyurina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4148-8502</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Морозова Александра Григорьевна - зоолаборант, виварий отдела экспериментальной медицины, НИИ КПССЗ.</p><p>650002, Кемерово, бульвар имени академика Л.С. Барбараша, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra G. Morozova - Animal Technician, Vivarium, Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases.</p><p>6, Barbarash Boulevard, 6, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a0l000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8676-1789</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Изотова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Izotova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Изотова Елизавета Сергеевна - аспирант по специальности «патологическая физиология», НИИ КПССЗ.</p><p>650002, Кемерово, бульвар имени академика Л.С. Барбараша, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta S. Izotova - Postgraduate Student, Pathological Physiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases.</p><p>6, Barbarash Boulevard, 6, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elizavetaizotowa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4124-2316</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданов</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanov</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Богданов Лев Александрович - канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник, лаборатория молекулярной, трансляционной и цифровой медицины отдела экспериментальной медицины, НИИ КПССЗ.</p><p>650002, Кемерово, бульвар имени академика Л.С. Барбараша, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leo A. Bogdanov - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Research Scientist, Laboratory for Molecular, Translational, and Digital Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases.</p><p>6, Barbarash Boulevard, 6, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bogdanovleone@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1518-3888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шишкова</surname><given-names>Д. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shishkova</surname><given-names>D. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шишкова Дарья Кирилловна - канд. биол. наук, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной, трансляционной и цифровой медицины отдела экспериментальной медицины, НИИ КПССЗ.</p><p>650002, Кемерово, бульвар имени академика Л.С. Барбараша, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria K. Shishkova - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head of the Laboratory for Molecular, Translational, and Digital Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases.</p><p>6, Barbarash Boulevard, 6, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shishkovadk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-4857</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутихин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutikhin</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кутихин Антон Геннадьевич - д-р мед. наук, заведующий отделом экспериментальной медицины, НИИ КПССЗ.</p><p>650002, Кемерово, бульвар имени академика Л.С. Барбараша, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton G. Kutikhin - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases.</p><p>6, Barbarash Boulevard, 6, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antonkutikhin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний» (НИИ КПССЗ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>41</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>173</fpage><lpage>181</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каноныкина А.Ю., Кондратьев Е.А., Тюрина А.Е., Морозова А.Г., Изотова Е.С., Богданов Л.А., Шишкова Д.К., Кутихин А.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каноныкина А.Ю., Кондратьев Е.А., Тюрина А.Е., Морозова А.Г., Изотова Е.С., Богданов Л.А., Шишкова Д.К., Кутихин А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kanonykina A.Y., Kondratiev E.A., Tyurina A.E., Morozova A.G., Izotova E.S., Bogdanov L.A., Shishkova D.K., Kutikhin A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/3271">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/3271</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Разработка фармакологических вмешательств, на-правленных на замедление ремоделирования створок, требует надежных доклинических моделей, отражающих начальные стадии поражения АК. Для эффективного проведения эндотелиопротективных и антиатеросклеротических вмешательств на гиперлипидемических (в частности, ApoE–/–) мышах необходимо определение оптимальных пола и возраста, при которых развивается стабильное атеросклеротическое поражение аорты и липидно-кальциевое поражение аортального клапана (АК).</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: проанализировать гендерно-возрастные закономерности развития липидного поражения аорты и липидного и кальциевого поражения АК у ApoE–/– мышей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследование было включено 100 ApoE–/– мышей – по 20 мышей (10 самцов и 10 самок) в возрасте 1, 3, 6, 12 и 18 мес. В качестве биоматериала для патоморфологического анализа были использованы аорты и содержащие АК сегменты левого желудочка.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Липидное поражение аорты ApoE–/– мышей детектировалось в возрасте от 6 мес., когда медианная доля пораженной липидами площади аорты у самцов составляла 0,90% (0,00–1,4), у самок – 1,47% (0,76–1,89%), p = 0,35. К 12-месячному возрасту данный показатель у самцов возрастал до 29,80% (19,22–33,42%), у самок – до 16,41% (13,18–19,50%), p = 0,001. Липидное поражение створок АК у ApoE–/– мышей детектировалось, начиная с 1-месячного возраста (у самцов медианная доля пораженной липидами площади створок АК составляла 0,76% (0,14–1,54%), у самок – 1,07% (0,90–1,69%), p = 0,27 и далее прогрессировало в 3-месячном возрасте у самцов – до 2,95% (1,11–7,64%), у самок – до 7,15% (4,19–9,48%), p = 0,14; в 6-месячном возрасте у самцов – до 8,04% (5,68–13,89%), у самок – до 5,70% (4,63–10,21%), p = 0,31; в 12-месячном возрасте у самцов – до 15,58% (12,27–21,44%), у самок – до 8,95% (7,52–10,02%), p = 0,002). До 6 мес. у ApoE–/– мышей отмечали лишь единичные очаги кальцификации. В 12-месячном возрасте медианная доля кальциевого поражения створок АК у самцов составила 4,87% (3,27–9,19%), у самок – 5,76% (2,96–9,26%), p = 0,91. Увеличение площади и интенсивности окрашивания ализариновым красным сопровождалось ростом площади липидного поражения аорты (r = 0,736 и r = 0,708 соответственно).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Липидное поражение аорты у ApoE–/– мышей детектируется после 6-месячного возраста и стабилизируется к 12-месячному возрасту. Липидное поражение створок АК у ApoE–/– мышей обоих полов обнаруживается уже в возрасте от 1 до 3 мес., прогрессирует к 6-месячному возрасту и стабилизируется к 12-месячному возрасту. Липидное поражение аорты и АК в 12-месячном возрасте более выражено у самцов. Очаги минерализации створок АК у ApoE–/– мышей начинают формироваться в возрасте 6 мес. со стабилизацией кальцификации к 12-месячному возрасту. Корреляция липидного поражения аорты и кальциевого поражения створок АК указывает на патогенетический параллелизм данных процессов у ApoE–/– мышей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Efficient implementation of endothelial-protective and anti-atherosclerotic interventions in hyperlipidemic (including ApoE–/– mice requires the identification of the optimal experimental parameters (sex and age) for the stable detection of aortic atherosclerosis as well as lipid and calcium deposition in the aortic valve.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: To analyze gender and age-related patterns of lipid deposition in the aorta and lipid and calcific lesions of the aortic valve in ApoE–/– mice.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The study included 100 ApoE–/– mice: 20 mice (10 males and 10 females) at each of the following ages: 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Aortas and left ventricle segments with the aortic valve (AV) were used as for histopathological analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Lipid deposition in the aorta of ApoE–/– mice was first detected at 6 months of age, whilst the median proportion of lipid-positive aortic area was 0.90% (IQR: 0.00–1.44%) in males and 1.47% (IQR: 0.76–1.89%, p = 0.35) in females. By 12 months of age, median proportion of lipid-positive aortic area in the aorta increased to 29.80% (IQR: 19.22–33.42%) in males and 16.41% (IQR: 13.18–19.50%, p = 0.001) in females. Lipid deposition in the AV leaflets was detected starting from 1 month of age (median lipid-positive area: 0.76% [IQR: 0.14–1.54%] in males and 1.07% [IQR: 0.90–1.69%], p = 0.27 in females) and progressively increased (at 3 months: 2.95% [IQR: 1.11–7.64%] in males vs. 7.15% [IQR: 4.19–9.48%], p = 0.14 in females; at 6 months: 8.04% [IQR: 5.68–13.89%] in males vs. 5.70% [IQR: 4.63–10.21%], p = 0.31 in females; at 12 months: 15.58% [IQR: 12.27–21.44%] in males vs. 8.95% [IQR: 7.52–10.02%], p = 0.002 in females). Up to 6 months, only sporadic calcification foci were observed in ApoE–/– mice. At 12 months, the median proportion of calcified AV leaflet area was 4.87% (IQR: 3.27–9.19%) in males and 5.76% (IQR: 2.96–9.26%, p = 0.91) in females. The increase in both the area and intensity of Alizarin Red staining correlated with the extent of lipid deposition in the aorta (r = 0.736 and r = 0.708, respectively).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Aortic lipid lesions in ApoE–/– mice are consistently detectable after 6 months of age and stabilizes by 12 months. Lipid lesions in the AV leaflets of ApoE–/– mice of both sexes is detectable as early as 1–3 months, progresses until 6 months, and stabilizes by 12 months. At 12 months, lipid lesions of both the aorta and AV are more pronounced in males than in females. Mineralization foci of AV leaflets begin to develop at approximately 6 months of age, with stabilization of calcification by 12 months. The strong correlation between lipid deposition in the aorta and calcium deposition in the AV leaflets suggests a pathogenetic parallelism of these processes within the circulatory system of ApoE–/– mice. These findings indicate that ApoE–/– mice can be optimally withdrawn from experiments between 9 and 12 months of age.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гиперлипидемические мыши</kwd><kwd>пол</kwd><kwd>возраст</kwd><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>липидное поражение</kwd><kwd>кальцификация</kwd><kwd>аорта</kwd><kwd>аортальный клапан</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hyperlipidemic mice</kwd><kwd>sex</kwd><kwd>age</kwd><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>lipid deposition</kwd><kwd>calcification</kwd><kwd>aorta</kwd><kwd>aortic valve</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке комплексной программы фундаментальных научных исследований СО РАН в рамках фундаментальной темы НИИ КПССЗ № 0419-2024-0001 «Разработка новых фармакологических подходов к экспериментальной терапии атеросклероза, технологий серийного производства реактивов и расходных материалов для изучения физиологии и патофизиологии сердечно-сосудистой системы и программного обеспечения на основе искусственного интеллекта для автоматизированной диагностики патологий системы кровообращения и автоматизированного расчета сердечно-сосудистого риска» при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках национального проекта «Наука и университеты», https://gisnauka.ru/nioktr/detail/5O90V6DKTDEZ3L37R544GP18.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (National Project Science and Universities) to fulfill the Research Topic of the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases No. 0419-2024-0001 «Novel anti-atherosclerotic therapies and machine learning solutions for automated diagnosis and prognostication of cardiovascular disease», https://gisnauka.ru/nioktr/detail/5O90V6DKTDEZ3L37R544GP18.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coffey S., Roberts-Thomson R., Brown A., et al. Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2021;18(12):853−864. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00570-z EDN: OISMQL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coffey S., Roberts-Thomson R., Brown A., et al. Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2021;18(12):853−864. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00570-z EDN: OISMQL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desai M.Y., Braunwald E. The Pathophysiologic Basis and Management of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2025;86(9):659−672. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.06.049 EDN: ENCSJK</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desai M.Y., Braunwald E. The Pathophysiologic Basis and Management of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2025;86(9):659−672. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.06.049 EDN: ENCSJK</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostyunin A.E., Yuzhalin A.E., Ovcharenko E.A., Kutikhin A.G. Development of calcific aortic valve disease: Do we know enough for new clinical trials? J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2019;132:189−209. DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.016 EDN: KCIMIG</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostyunin A.E., Yuzhalin A.E., Ovcharenko E.A., Kutikhin A.G. Development of calcific aortic valve disease: Do we know enough for new clinical trials? J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2019;132:189−209. DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.016 EDN: KCIMIG</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie M., Qian X., Yan G., et al. Global, regional, and national burden of non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Int. J. Surg. 2026;112(2):3238−3251. DOI: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000003971 EDN: JQOLLI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie M., Qian X., Yan G., et al. Global, regional, and national burden of non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Int. J. Surg. 2026;112(2):3238−3251. DOI: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000003971 EDN: JQOLLI</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yi B., Zeng W., Lv L., Hua P. Changing epidemiology of calcific aortic valve disease: 30-year trends of incidence, prevalence, and deaths across 204 countries and territories. Aging. 2021;13(9):12710−12732. DOI: 10.18632/aging.202942 EDN: AYJJNC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yi B., Zeng W., Lv L., Hua P. Changing epidemiology of calcific aortic valve disease: 30-year trends of incidence, prevalence, and deaths across 204 countries and territories. Aging. 2021;13(9):12710−12732. DOI: 10.18632/aging.202942 EDN: AYJJNC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan P., Liu Y., Qian X., et al. Deciphering the Enigma of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: The Pivotal Role of Animal Models in Unraveling Pathogenesis and Advancing Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines. 2025;13(10):2369. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13102369 EDN: NAUEDU</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fan P., Liu Y., Qian X., et al. Deciphering the Enigma of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: The Pivotal Role of Animal Models in Unraveling Pathogenesis and Advancing Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines. 2025;13(10):2369. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13102369 EDN: NAUEDU</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang S.H., Reddick R.L., Piedrahita J.A., Maeda N. Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Science.1992;258(5081):468−471. DOI: 10.1126/science.1411543 EDN: BNADGV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang S.H., Reddick R.L., Piedrahita J.A., Maeda N. Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Science.1992;258(5081):468−471. DOI: 10.1126/science.1411543 EDN: BNADGV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shishkova D., Kanonykina A., Kondratiev E., et al. Early Supplementation with Branched-Chain Amino Acids Ameliorates Lipid Retention in Aortic Valves of ApoE-Knockout Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025;26(23):11259. DOI: 10.3390/ijms262311259 EDN: GUKMZU</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkova D., Kanonykina A., Kondratiev E., et al. Early Supplementation with Branched-Chain Amino Acids Ameliorates Lipid Retention in Aortic Valves of ApoE-Knockout Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025;26(23):11259. DOI: 10.3390/ijms262311259 EDN: GUKMZU</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballena-Caicedo J., Zuzunaga-Montoya F.E., Loayza-Castro J.A., et al. Global prevalence of dyslipidemias in the general adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2025;44(1):308. DOI: 10.1186/s41043-025-01054-3 EDN: RHISLL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballena-Caicedo J., Zuzunaga-Montoya F.E., Loayza-Castro J.A., et al. Global prevalence of dyslipidemias in the general adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2025;44(1):308. DOI: 10.1186/s41043-025-01054-3 EDN: RHISLL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishibashi S., Brown M.S., Goldstein J.L. Hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and its reversal by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. J. Clin. Invest. 1993;92(2):883−893. DOI: 10.1172/JCI116663</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishibashi S., Brown M.S., Goldstein J.L. Hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and its reversal by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. J. Clin. Invest. 1993;92(2):883−893. DOI: 10.1172/JCI116663</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eerdekens R., Govindarajan V., Johnson N.P., et al. Haemodynamic response of normal aortic valves to stress using invasive, non-invasive, and computational techniques. Eur. Heart J. Imaging Methods Pract. 2025;3(1):qyaf061. DOI: 10.1093/ehjimp/qyaf061</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eerdekens R., Govindarajan V., Johnson N.P., et al. Haemodynamic response of normal aortic valves to stress using invasive, non-invasive, and computational techniques. Eur. Heart J. Imaging Methods Pract. 2025;3(1):qyaf061. DOI: 10.1093/ehjimp/qyaf061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang M., Ding H., Huang Y., Lau C.W., et al. Endothelial Serotonin Receptor 1B Acts as a Mechanosensor to Drive Atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 2025;136(8):887−901. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.124.325453 EDN: ZNIPQD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang M., Ding H., Huang Y., Lau C.W., et al. Endothelial Serotonin Receptor 1B Acts as a Mechanosensor to Drive Atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 2025;136(8):887−901. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.124.325453 EDN: ZNIPQD</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wen D., Hu L., Shan J., Zhang H., et al. Mechanical injury accentuates lipid deposition in ApoE(-/-) mice and advance aortic valve stenosis: A novel modified aortic valve stenosis model. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2023;10:1119746. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1119746</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wen D., Hu L., Shan J., Zhang H., et al. Mechanical injury accentuates lipid deposition in ApoE(-/-) mice and advance aortic valve stenosis: A novel modified aortic valve stenosis model. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2023;10:1119746. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1119746</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu J.J., Li Q., Tintut Y., Demer L.L. Considerations in the Use of Mouse Models of Vascular and Valvular Calcification. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2026;46(3):e322099. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.125.322099</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu J.J., Li Q., Tintut Y., Demer L.L. Considerations in the Use of Mouse Models of Vascular and Valvular Calcification. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2026;46(3):e322099. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.125.322099</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamana T., Sekimoto T., Finn A.V., Virmani R. Age Differences in Aortic Stenosis. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2025;26(4):28185. DOI: 10.31083/RCM28185 EDN: WTIPCF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamana T., Sekimoto T., Finn A.V., Virmani R. Age Differences in Aortic Stenosis. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2025;26(4):28185. DOI: 10.31083/RCM28185 EDN: WTIPCF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazzone A., Esposito A., Foffa I., Berti S. Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focal Disease in Older and Complex Patients-What Could Be the Best Time for an Appropriate Interventional Treatment? J. Clin. Med. 2025;14(15):5560. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14155560 EDN: OZHEOS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazzone A., Esposito A., Foffa I., Berti S. Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focal Disease in Older and Complex Patients-What Could Be the Best Time for an Appropriate Interventional Treatment? J. Clin. Med. 2025;14(15):5560. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14155560 EDN: OZHEOS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu S., Yang W., Li Y., et al. Trends in the global burden of aortic valve calcification disease in the working-age population from 1992 to 2021. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2025;12:1544273. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1544273 EDN: VUCMTQ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu S., Yang W., Li Y., et al. Trends in the global burden of aortic valve calcification disease in the working-age population from 1992 to 2021. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2025;12:1544273. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1544273 EDN: VUCMTQ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang A., Adeli A., Kylhammar D., et al. Prevalence and common cardiovascular risk factors in aortic valve calcification in the middle-aged general population. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2025;32(17):1694−1702. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf157 EDN: JJHSOI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang A., Adeli A., Kylhammar D., et al. Prevalence and common cardiovascular risk factors in aortic valve calcification in the middle-aged general population. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2025;32(17):1694−1702. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf157 EDN: JJHSOI</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whelton S.P., Jha K., Dardari Z., et al. Prevalence of Aortic Valve Calcium and the Long-Term Risk of Incident Severe Aortic Stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2024;17(1):31−42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.02.018 EDN: CKVUIW</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whelton S.P., Jha K., Dardari Z., et al. Prevalence of Aortic Valve Calcium and the Long-Term Risk of Incident Severe Aortic Stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2024;17(1):31−42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.02.018 EDN: CKVUIW</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Драпкина О.М., Имаева А.Э., Куценко В.А. и др. Дислипидемии в Российской Федерации: популяционные данные, ассоциации с факторами риска. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2023;22(8S):3791. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3791 EDN: DGYJLA</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapkina O.M., Imaeva A.E., Kutsenko V.A., et al. Dyslipidemia in the Russian Federation: population data, associations with risk factors. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2023;22(8S):3791. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3791 EDN: DGYJLA</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
