<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiotomsk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2927</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-265X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>TSU publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29001/2073-8552-2026-41-3-205-213</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiotomsk-3292</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В МЕДИЦИНЕ И ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Возможности применения речевых биомаркеров для дистанционного скрининга бронхиальной астмы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Possibilities of using speech biomarkers for remote screening of bronchial asthma</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6665-1533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаранин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garanin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гаранин Андрей Александрович - канд. мед. наук, доцент, директор Научно-практического центра дистанционной медицины, СамГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>443099, Самара, ул. Чапаевская, 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Garanin - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Director of the Scientific and Practical Center for Remote Medicine, SSMU.</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sameagle@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6552-7618</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конюхов</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konyukhov</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Конюхов Вадим Николаевич - канд. техн. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры лазерных и биотехнических систем, Самарский университет им. Королева; инженер-электроник, Технопарк, СамГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>443099, Самара, ул. Чапаевская, 89; 443086, Самара, Московское шоссе, 34</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim N. Konyukhov - Cand. Sci. (Tech.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara University; Electronics Engineer, Samara State Medical University Technopark.</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, 443099; 34, Moskovskoe shosse, Samara, 443086</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maverick65@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4144-7090</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колсанов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolsanov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колсанов Александр Владимирович - д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН, ректор СамГМУ Минздрава России.</p><p>443099, Самара, ул. Чапаевская, 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Kolsanov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector, SSMU.</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya Str., Samara, 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.v.kolsanov@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3520-5822</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виктор</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Viktor</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктор Наталья Николаевна - главный врач ГБУЗ СО «Городская больница № 4».</p><p>443056, Самара, ул. Мичурина, 125</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia N. Victor - Chief Physician, City Hospital No. 4.</p><p>125, Michurina Str., Samara, 443056</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">05602@mail.miac.samregion.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (СамГМУ Минздрава России)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University (SSMU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (СамГМУ Минздрава России); ФГАОУ ВО «Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С.П. Королева» (Самарский университет им. Королева)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University (SSMU); Samara National Research University named after Academician S.P. Korolev (Samara University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ СО «Городская больница № 4»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Hospital No. 4</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>41</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>213</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гаранин А.А., Конюхов В.Н., Колсанов А.В., Виктор Н.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гаранин А.А., Конюхов В.Н., Колсанов А.В., Виктор Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Garanin A.A., Konyukhov V.N., Kolsanov A.V., Viktor N.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/3292">https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/3292</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Бронхиальная астма (БА) является одной из основных проблем здравоохранения. Поэтому поиск объективных, не требующих усилий от пациента и специального оборудования способов контроля БА остается актуальной задачей. Стандартный подход контроля над симптомами БА носит эпизодический и ретроспективный характер, не позволяя своевременно выявлять признаки ухудшения состояния пациентов. В данной статье мы демонстрируем возможности анализа голосовых биомаркеров для дистанционного скрининга БА.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы: определить акустические параметры речи, статистически значимо различающиеся у пациентов с БА и у практически здоровых лиц.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Данными для анализа послужили записи голоса 38 мужчин (группа 1.1) и 60 женщин (группа 1.2) с БА, а также записи голоса практически здоровых 57 мужчин (группа 2.1) и 106 женщин (группа 2.2). Для акустического анализа использовалась программа Praat v 6.4.35, с помощью которой вычислялись спектральные и временные признаки, и язык программирования Python v 3.11.4, с помощью которого рассчитывались параметры частоты основного тона. Классификация и тестирование проводились на всех входных признаках для пяти классификаторов (Logistic Regression, RandomForest, SVM_RBF, MLP, XGBoost).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Наиболее информативными признаками для бинарной классификации БА–здоровые являются mfcc_01_mean, mfcc_10_mean, shimmer local для мужчин и mfcc_01_mean, pitch_mean, approxEntropy для женщин. Принадлежность ведущих признаков к трем разным группам параметров подтверждает многомерный характер изменений голоса при БА. Параметры речи имеют половую специфичность при БА, что обусловливает необходимость построения отдельных классификаторов для мужчин и женщин. Более строгая валидация с использованием схемы LOPO и алгоритма классификации RandomForest подтвердила высокую обобщающую способность моделей. Для мужчин F1 = 0,84 [0,75; 0,91] и для женщин F1 = 0,94 [0,90; 0,98] при AUC ROC 0,92 и 0,96 соответственно. При использовании только трех наиболее информативных признаков модель RandomForest в схеме LOPO достигла F1-меры 0,89 [0,82; 0,94] у женщин и 0,77 [0,68; 0,85] у мужчин. Shuffle-тест показал, что результаты классификации не являются случайными как у мужчин, так и у женщин. Разница по F1-мере между исходной моделью и после случайного перемешивания меток классов составил 0,24 у мужчин и 0,47 у женщин.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Параметры речи пациентов с БА и здоровых лиц статистически значимо отличаются по временным, спектральным и нелинейным признакам. Степень и характер различий имеют половую специфичность, что требует раздельного анализа для мужчин и женщин. Полученные результаты подтверждают применимость анализа речевого сигнала как инструмента для дистанционного скрининга БА.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Bronchial asthma (BA) remains one of the main health problems. Therefore, the search for objective, effortless methods of ASTHMA control from the patient and special equipment remains an urgent task. The standard approach to controlling asthma symptoms is episodic and retrospective, preventing timely detection of signs of deterioration in patients. In this article, we identify the possibilities of analyzing voice biomarkers for remote screening of asthma.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: To identify acoustic parameters of speech those differ statistically significantly in patients with bronchial asthma and practically healthy individuals.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The data for the analysis were voice recordings of 38 men (group 1.1) and 60 women (group 1.2) with bronchial asthma, as well as voice recordings of control groups of 57 healthy men (group 2.1) and 106 women (group 2.2). The acoustic analysis was performed using the Praat v 6.4.35 program, which was used to calculate spectral and temporal features, and Python v.3.11.4, which was used to calculate the parameters of the randomness and complexity of the pitch frequency. Acoustic and prosodic parameters of speech were calculated. Classification and testing were performed on all input attributes for five classifiers (LogisticRegression, randomForest, SVM_RBF, MLP, XGBoost).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The most informative features for the binary classification of healthy individuals are mfcc_01_mean, mfcc_10_mean, shimmer local for men and mfcc_01_mean, pitch_mean, approximantropy for women. The affiliation of the leading features to three different groups of parameters confirms the multidimensional nature of voice changes in asthma.Speech parameters have gender specificity in bronchial asthma, which necessitates the construction of separate classifiers for men and women. More rigorous validation using the LOPO scheme and the randomForest classification algorithm confirmed the high generalizing ability of the models. For men, F1 = 0.84 [0.75; 0.91] and for women, F1 = 0.94 [0.90; 0.98] with an AUC ROC of 0.92 and 0.96, respectively. Using only the three most informative features, the randomForest model in the LOPO scheme achieved an F1 measure of 0.89 [0.82; 0.94] for women and 0.77 [0.68; 0.85] for men. The shuffle test showed that the classification results are not random for both men and women. The difference in the F1 measure between the initial model and after random mixing of class labels was 0.24 for men and 0.47 for women.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The speech parameters of patients with bronchial asthma significantly differ from healthy individuals in temporal, spectral, and nonlinear features. The degree and nature of the differences are sex-specific, which requires separate analysis for men and women. In women, the changes cover a wider range of parameters, which is consistent with the greater severity of asthma caused by anatomical, hormonal and immunological factors. The results obtained confirm the applicability of voice analysis of free speech as a tool for passive monitoring of bronchial asthma.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>речевой сигнал</kwd><kwd>акустические параметры</kwd><kwd>бинарный классификатор</kwd><kwd>дистанционный скрининг</kwd><kwd>телемедицина</kwd><kwd>голосовые биомаркеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>speech signal</kwd><kwd>acoustic parameters</kwd><kwd>binary classifier</kwd><kwd>remote screening</kwd><kwd>telemedicine</kwd><kwd>speech biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnes P.J., Szefler S.J., Reddel H.K., Chipps B.E. Symptoms and perception of airway obstruction in asthmatic patients: Clinical implications for use of reliever medications. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2019;144(5):1180–1186. DOI: 10.1016/J.JACI.2019.06.0402</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnes P.J., Szefler S.J., Reddel H.K., Chipps B.E. Symptoms and perception of airway obstruction in asthmatic patients: Clinical implications for use of reliever medications. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2019;144(5):1180–1186. DOI: 10.1016/J.JACI.2019.06.0402</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibson P.G. Monitoring the patient with asthma: an evidence-based approach. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2000;106(1 Pt 1):17–26. DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.108307</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibson P.G. Monitoring the patient with asthma: an evidence-based approach. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2000;106(1 Pt 1):17–26. DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.108307</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Metting E., Dassen L., Aardoom J., et al. Effectiveness of Telemonitoring for Respiratory and Systemic Symptoms of Asthma and COPD: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel). 2021;11(11):1215. DOI: 10.3390/life11111215 EDN: PJPEAN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metting E., Dassen L., Aardoom J., et al. Effectiveness of Telemonitoring for Respiratory and Systemic Symptoms of Asthma and COPD: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel). 2021;11(11):1215. DOI: 10.3390/life11111215 EDN: PJPEAN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reid D., Mehta J., Anis K., Mehta S. Impact of Remote Patient Monitoring Platform on Patients with Moderate to Severe Persistent Asthma: Observational Study. JMIR Form. Res. 2023;7:e51065. DOI: 10.2196/51065 EDN: BMLGYR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reid D., Mehta J., Anis K., Mehta S. Impact of Remote Patient Monitoring Platform on Patients with Moderate to Severe Persistent Asthma: Observational Study. JMIR Form. Res. 2023;7:e51065. DOI: 10.2196/51065 EDN: BMLGYR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antalffy T., De Simoni A., Griffiths C.J. Promising peak flow diary compliance with an electronic peak flow meter and linked smartphone app. NPJ Prim. Care Respir. Med. 2020;30(1):19. DOI: 10.1038/s41533-020-0178-y EDN: XASWLK</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antalffy T., De Simoni A., Griffiths C.J. Promising peak flow diary compliance with an electronic peak flow meter and linked smartphone app. NPJ Prim. Care Respir. Med. 2020;30(1):19. DOI: 10.1038/s41533-020-0178-y EDN: XASWLK</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeVrieze B.W., Goldin J., Giwa A.O. Peak Flow Rate Measurement. [Updated 2024 Oct 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2026 Jan. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459325/ (10.05.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeVrieze B.W., Goldin J., Giwa A.O. Peak Flow Rate Measurement. [Updated 2024 Oct 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2026 Jan. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459325/ (10.05.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsen E., Song X., Joachim D., et al. Respiratory-Responsive Vocal Biomarker for Asthma Exacerbation Monitoring: Prospective Cohort Study. J. Med. Internet. Res. 2025;27:e68741. DOI: 10.2196/68741 EDN: IDESIF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen E., Song X., Joachim D., et al. Respiratory-Responsive Vocal Biomarker for Asthma Exacerbation Monitoring: Prospective Cohort Study. J. Med. Internet. Res. 2025;27:e68741. DOI: 10.2196/68741 EDN: IDESIF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Постникова Л.Б., Симулин М.А., Кубышева Н.И., Григорьева Н.Ю., Погребецкая В.А. Ранняя диагностика у коморбидных пациентов. Вестник современной клинической медицины. 2024;17(3):44-52. DOI: 10.20969/VSKM.2024.17(3).44-52 EDN: GGRNQF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Postnikova L.B., Simulin M.A., Kubysheva N.I., Grigorieva N.Yu., Pogrebetskaya V.A. Early diagnosis in comorbid patients. Vestnik sovremennoj klinicheskoj mediciny. 2024;17(3):44-52. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.20969/VSKM.2024.17(3).44-52 EDN: GGRNQF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабанов С.А., Стрижаков Л.А., Лаврентьева Н.Е. и др. Иммунологические, молекулярно-генетические особенности и прогнозирование при профессиональной бронхиальной астме. Врач. 2025;(7):41-47. DOI: 10.29296/25877305-2025-07-06 EDN: KNTKAF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babanov S.A., Strizhakov L.A., Lavrentieva N.E., et al. Immunological, molecular and genetic features and prognosis in occupational bronchial asthma. Vrach. 2025;(7):41-47 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.29296/25877305-2025-07-06 EDN: KNTKAF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tharwat A. Classification assessment methods. Applied Computing and Informatics. 2020;17(1):168–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.aci.2018.08.003 EDN: PQDEQV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tharwat A. Classification assessment methods. Applied Computing and Informatics. 2020;17(1):168–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.aci.2018.08.003 EDN: PQDEQV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dogan M., Eryuksel E., Kocak I., et al. Subjective and objective evaluation of voice quality in patients with asthma. J. Voice. 2007;21(2):224–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.11.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dogan M., Eryuksel E., Kocak I., et al. Subjective and objective evaluation of voice quality in patients with asthma. J. Voice. 2007;21(2):224–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.11.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dominelli P.B., Ripoll J.G., Cross T.J., et al. Sex differences in large conducting airway anatomy. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985). 2018;125(3):960– 965. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00440.2018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dominelli P.B., Ripoll J.G., Cross T.J., et al. Sex differences in large conducting airway anatomy. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985). 2018;125(3):960– 965. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00440.2018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harvey B.J., McElvaney N.G. Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics. Biol. Sex Differ. 2024;15(1):56. DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00633-z EDN: IOHKUG</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harvey B.J., McElvaney N.G. Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics. Biol. Sex Differ. 2024;15(1):56. DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00633-z EDN: IOHKUG</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borrelli R., Brussino L., Lo Sardo L., et al. Sex-Based Differences in Asthma: Pathophysiology, Hormonal Influence, and Genetic Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025;26(11):5288. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26115288 EDN: SZBKDZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borrelli R., Brussino L., Lo Sardo L., et al. Sex-Based Differences in Asthma: Pathophysiology, Hormonal Influence, and Genetic Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025;26(11):5288. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26115288 EDN: SZBKDZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li T., Zhang J., Wu J., et al. Asthma Detection Research Based on Voice Signal Processing and Machine Learning. J. Vis. Exp. 2025;(221). DOI: 10.3791/67742 EDN: GZXMXU</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li T., Zhang J., Wu J., et al. Asthma Detection Research Based on Voice Signal Processing and Machine Learning. J. Vis. Exp. 2025;(221). DOI: 10.3791/67742 EDN: GZXMXU</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyu Y., Jiang Q.C., Yuan S., et al. Non-invasive acoustic classification of adult asthma using an XGBoost model with vocal biomarkers. Sci. Rep. 2025;15(1):28682. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-14645-1 EDN: ODJGDZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyu Y., Jiang Q.C., Yuan S., et al. Non-invasive acoustic classification of adult asthma using an XGBoost model with vocal biomarkers. Sci. Rep. 2025;15(1):28682. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-14645-1 EDN: ODJGDZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
