cardiotomskСибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медициныSiberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine2713-29272713-265XTSU publishing10.29001/2073-8552-2018-33-4-44-53cardiotomsk-610Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEWS AND LECTURESРАДИОНУКЛИДНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ НА ЭТАПАХ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ЛЕЧЕНИЯ РАКА МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫRADIONUCLIDE METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT ASSESSMENT OF BREAST CANCERВернадскийР. Ю.VernadskyR. Yu.

аспирант отделения общей онкологии

634028, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Савиных, 12/1

Postgraduate Student, General Oncology Department

5, Kooperativny str., Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation

vernadskyi@gmail.comМедведеваА. А.MedvedevaA. A.

канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения радионуклидной диагностики

634028, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Савиных, 12/1

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Nuclear Medicine Department

5, Kooperativny str., Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation

medvedeva@tnimc.ruГарбуковЕ. Ю.GarbukovE. Yu.

канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения общей онкологии

634028, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Савиных, 12/1

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, General Oncology Department

5, Kooperativny str., Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation

jrmaximum@rambler.ruЧерновВ. И.ChernovV. I.

д-р мед. наук, профессор, заместитель директора по научной работе и инновационной деятельности, 

заведующий отделением радионуклидной диагностики

634028, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Савиных, 12/1

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Deputy Director for Research and Innovation, Head of Department, Nuclear Medicine Department

5, Kooperativny str., Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation

 

chernov@tnimc.ruСлонимскаяЕ. М.SlonimskaiaE. M.

д-р мед. наук, профессор, руководитель отделения общей онкологии

634028, Российская Федерация, Томск, ул. Савиных, 12/1

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Department, General Oncology Department

5, Kooperativny str., Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation

slonimskaya@rambler.ruНаучно-исследовательский институт онкологии, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центрРоссияCancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation2018120220193344453Copyright © Вернадский Р.Ю., Медведева А.А., Гарбуков Е.Ю., Чернов В.И., Слонимская Е.М., 20192019Вернадский Р.Ю., Медведева А.А., Гарбуков Е.Ю., Чернов В.И., Слонимская Е.М.Vernadsky R.Y., Medvedeva A.A., Garbukov E.Y., Chernov V.I., Slonimskaia E.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/610

Радиоизотопная диагностика — это мультимодальная дисциплина визуализации биологических процессов in vivo на субклеточном уровне. Такие методы диагностики могут быть потенциально применимы для скрининга и стадирования опухолевого процесса, а также для осуществления контроля над лечением. Ранее преимущественно анатомическая информация играла главную роль в медицинской визуализации, но в настоящее время молекулярная визуализация позволяет улучшить диагностические показатели стандартных методов обследования. Данный обзор отражает возможности радионуклидных методов и радиофармпрепаратов в диагностике и оценке эффективности лечения рака молочной железы. В работе показаны возможности современных методов, таких как специализированная гамма-визуализация и позитронно-эмиссионная маммография, подробно рассмотрены показания для использования методов у пациентов маммологического профиля. Проведен анализ информативности при использовании различных методов. Показано, что новые технологические решения позволили значительно повысить информативность обследования за счет улучшения разрешающей способности аппаратов. При использовании радиоизотопных методов возможно не только оценить эффективность проводимого предоперационного лечения, но и нередко прогнозировать ответ уже на начальных этапах неоадъювантной химиотерапии. По литературным данным, чувствительность специализированной гамма-визуализации молочной железы сопоставима с магнитно-резонансной томографией, обладая при этом более высокой специфичностью. Учитывая широкие возможности методик, требуется проведение дополнительных клинических исследований для определения их роли и места в диагностическом алгоритме рака молочной железы.

Molecular imaging is a multimodal discipline for visualizing biological processes at the subcellular level in vivo. These diagnostic methods could be potentially used for screening and staging of cancer as well as for monitoring of treatment. Formerly, mostly anatomical information played key role in medical visualization. Now, molecular visualization allows improving diagnostic parameters of standard diagnostic methods. Molecular imaging allows not only for localization of tumor, but also for visualization of biological processes that influence tumor behavior and response to therapy. This review reflects the potential role of radionuclide methods and radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic and assessment of tumor response. The paper covers indications and capabilities of dedicated nuclear breast imaging systems such as breast-specific g-imaging and positron-emission mammography. The accuracy of different methods was analyzed. The analysis showed that new technological solutions allow to significantly increase informativeness of examinations through improved spatial resolution compared to whole-body imaging cameras. Molecular imaging is useful for neoadjuvant chemotherapy response monitoring and is highly sensitive for prediction of non-responsiveness during treatment of breast cancer. The sensitivity of molecular breast imaging is comparable with that of magnetic resonance imaging, but has higher specificity. Molecular imaging may play a great potential role in the diagnostic algorithm for breast cancer.

молекулярная визуализациярак молочной железыпозитронно-эмиссионная томографияоднофотонная эмиссионная компьютерная томографиярадиофармпрепаратспециализированная визуализация молочной железыпозитронно-эмиссионная маммографияmolecular imagingbreast cancerradiopharmaceuticalsbreast-specific g-imagingpositron-emission mammographyReferencesСостояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2016 году. Под ред. А. Д. Каприна, В. В. Старинского, Г. В. Петровой. М.: МНИОИ им. П. А. Герцена — филиал ФГБУ «НМИРЦ» Минздрава России; 2017: 236. ISBN 978-5-85502-231-5.State of oncological assistance to the population of Russia in 2016. Ed. by A. D. Kaprina, V. V. Starinskogo, G. V. Petrovoj. Moscow: MNIOI im. P. A. Gercena — filial FGBU “NMIRC” Minzdrava Rossii; 2017: 236. ISBN 978-5-85502-231-5 (In Russ).Vourtsis A., Berg W. A. Breast density implications and supplemental screening. Eur. Radiol. 2018 Sep 25. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5668-8. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 30255244.Vourtsis A., Berg W. A. Breast density implications and supplemental screening. Eur. Radiol. 2018 Sep 25. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5668-8. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 30255244.Fowler A. M., Mankoff D. A., Joe B. N. Imaging Neoadjuvant Therapy Response in Breast Cancer. Radiology. 2017 Nov; 285(2): 358–375. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017170180. Review. PubMed PMID: 29045232.Fowler A. M., Mankoff D. A., Joe B. N. Imaging Neoadjuvant Therapy Response in Breast Cancer. Radiology. 2017 Nov; 285(2): 358–375. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017170180. Review. PubMed PMID: 29045232.Jafari S. H., Saadatpour Z., Salmaninejad A., Momeni F., Mokhtari M., Nahand J. S., Rahmati M., Mirzaei H., Kianmehr M. Breast cancer diagnosis: Imaging techniques and biochemical markers. J. Cell Physiol. 2018 Jul; 233(7): 5200–5213. DOI: 10.1002/Jafari S. H., Saadatpour Z., Salmaninejad A., Momeni F., Mokhtari M., Nahand J. S., Rahmati M., Mirzaei H., Kianmehr M. Breast cancer diagnosis: Imaging techniques and biochemical markers. J. Cell Physiol. 2018 Jul; 233(7): 5200–5213. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26379. Epub 2018 Jan 19. Review. PubMed PMID: 29219189.jcp.26379. Epub 2018 Jan 19. Review. PubMed PMID: 29219189.Chernov V. I., Medvedeva A. A., Sinilkin I. G., Zel’chan R. V., Bragina O. D., Skuridin V. S. Experience in developing innovative radiopharmaceuticals at the Tomsk Oncology Research Institute. Siberian Oncology Journal=Sibirskij onkologicheskij zhurnal. 2015; 2: 45–47 (In Russ).Чернов В. И., Медведева А. А., Синилкин И. Г., Зельчан Р. В., Брагина О. Д., Скуридин В. С. Опыт разработки инновационных радиофармпрепартов в Томском НИИ онкологии. Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2015; 2: 45–47.Tafreshi N. K., Kumar V., Morse D. L., Gatenby R. A. Molecular and functional imaging of breast cancer. Cancer Control. 2010 Jul; 17(3): 143–155. Review. PubMed PMID: 20664511.Tafreshi N. K., Kumar V., Morse D. L., Gatenby R. A. Molecular and functional imaging of breast cancer. Cancer Control. 2010 Jul; 17(3): 143–155. Review. PubMed PMID: 20664511.Hruska C. B., O’Connor M. K. Nuclear imaging of the breast: translating achievements in instrumentation into clinical use. Med. Phys. 2013 May; 40(5): 050901. DOI: 10.1118/1.4802733. Review. PubMed PMID: 23635248; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3656956.Hruska C. B., O’Connor M. K. Nuclear imaging of the breast: translating achievements in instrumentation into clinical use. Med. Phys. 2013 May; 40(5): 050901. DOI: 10.1118/1.4802733. Review. PubMed PMID: 23635248; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3656956.O’Connor M. K., Li H., Rhodes D. J., Hruska C. B., Clancy C. B., Vetter R. J. Comparison of radiation exposure and associated radiation-induced cancer risks from mammography and molecular imaging of the breast. Med. Phys. 2010 Dec; 37(12): 6187–6198. PubMed PMID: 21302775; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2997811.O’Connor M. K., Li H., Rhodes D. J., Hruska C. B., Clancy C. B., Vetter R. J. Comparison of radiation exposure and associated radiation-induced cancer risks from mammography and molecular imaging of the breast. Med. Phys. 2010 Dec; 37(12):Khalkhali I., Villanueva-Meyer J., Edell S. L., Connolly J. L., Schnitt S. J., Baum J. K., Houlihan M. J., Jenkins R. M., Haber S. B. Diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi breast imaging: multicenter trial results. J. Nucl. Med. 2000 Dec; 41(12): 1973–1979. PubMed PMID: 11138681.–6198. PubMed PMID: 21302775; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2997811.Huppe A. I., Mehta A. K., Brem R. F. Molecular Breast Imaging: A Comprehensive Review. Semin. Ultrasound CT MR. 2018 Feb; 39(1): 60–69. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2017.10.001. Epub 2017 Oct 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 29317040.Khalkhali I., Villanueva-Meyer J., Edell S. L., Connolly J. L., Schnitt S. J., Baum J. K., Houlihan M. J., Jenkins R. M., Haber S. B. Diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi breast imaging: multicenter trial results. J. Nucl. Med. 2000 Dec; 41(12): 1973–1979.Hruska C. B., O’Connor M. K. Curies, and Grays, and Sieverts, Oh My: A Guide for Discussing Radiation Dose and Risk of Molecular Breast Imaging. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2015 Oct; 12(10): 1103–1105. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2015.07.001. PubMed PMID: 26435124; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4886341.PubMed PMID: 11138681.Goldsmith S. J., Parsons W., Guiberteau M. J., Stern L. H., Lanzkowsky L., Weigert J., Heston T. F., Jones E., Buscombe J., Stabin M. G.; Society of Nuclear Medicine. SNM practice guideline for breast scintigraphy with breast-specific gamma-cameras 1.0. J. Nucl. Med. Technol. 2010 Dec; 38(4): 219–224. DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.110.082271. Epub 2010 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 21057112.Huppe A. I., Mehta A. K., Brem R. F. Molecular Breast Imaging: A Comprehensive Review. Semin. Ultrasound CT MR. 2018 Feb; 39(1): 60–69. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2017.10.001. Epub 2017 Oct 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 29317040.Tickaja A. A., Chernov V. I., Slonimskaja E. M., Sinilkin I. G., Zel’chan R. V. Mammoscintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Siberian Medical Journal (Tomsk)=Sibirskij medicinskij zhurnal (Tomsk). 2010; 25(4–1): 92–95 (In Russ).Hruska C. B., O’Connor M. K. Curies, and Grays, and Sieverts, Oh My: A Guide for Discussing Radiation Dose and Risk of Molecular Breast Imaging. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2015 Oct; 12(10): 1103–1105. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2015.07.001. PubMed PMID: 26435124; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4886341.Tickaja A. A., Chernov V. I., Slonimskaja E. M., Sinilkin I. G. Mammoscintigraphy with 199Tl in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Siberian Oncology Journal=Sibirskij onkologicheskij zhurnal. 2008; 6: 5–10 (In Russ).Goldsmith S. J., Parsons W., Guiberteau M. J., Stern L. H., Lanzkowsky L., Weigert J., Heston T. F., Jones E., Buscombe J., Stabin M. G.; Society of Nuclear Medicine. SNM practice guideline for breast scintigraphy with breast-specific gamma-cameras 1.0. J. Nucl. Med. Technol. 2010 Dec; 38(4): 219–224. DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.110.082271. Epub 2010 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 21057112.Tickaja A. A., Chernov V. I., Sinilkin I. G., Zel’chan R. V., Novikov S. N. Standardized methods of radionuclide diagnostics. Mammoscintigraphy. Moscow; 2014. A series of books. Practical radiologist library (In Russ).Тицкая А. А., Чернов В. И., Слонимская Е. М., Синилкин И. Г., Зельчан Р. В. Маммосцинтиграфия с 99mТс-МИБИ в диагностике рака молочной железы. Сибирский медицинский журнал (Томск). 2010; 25(4–1): 92–95.Zhou M., Johnson N., Gruner S., Ecklund G. W., Meunier P., Bryn S., Glissmeyer M., Steinbock K. The clinical utility of breast specific gamma imaging for evaluating disease extent in the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient. Am. J. Surg. 2009; 197(2): 159–163.Тицкая А. А., Чернов В. И., Слонимская Е. М., Синилкин И. Г. Маммосцинтиграфия с 199Tl в диагностике рака молочной железы Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2008; 6: 5–10.Killelea B. K., Gillego A., Kirstein L. J., Asad Ju., Shpilko M., Shah A., Feldman Sh., Boolbol S. K. George Peters Award: how does breast-specific gamma imaging affect the management of patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer? Am. J. Surg. 2009; 198: 470–474.Тицкая А. А., Чернов В. И., Синилкин И. Г., Зельчан Р. В., Новиков С. Н. Стандартизованные методики радионуклидной диагностики. Маммосцинтиграфия. М.; 2014. Сер. Библиотека практического радиолога.Schillaci O., Buscombe J. R. Breast scintigraphy today: indications and limitations. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2004; 31(suppl): S35–S45.Zhou M., Johnson N., Gruner S., Ecklund G. W., Meunier P., Bryn S., Glissmeyer M., Steinbock K. The clinical utility of breast specific gamma imaging for evaluating disease extent in the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient. Am. J. Surg. 2009; 197(2): 159–163.Brem R. F., Fishman M., Rapelyea J. Detection of ductal carcinoma in situ with mammography, breast specific gamma imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging: a comparative study. Acad. Radiol. 2007; 14: 945–950.Killelea B. K., Gillego A., Kirstein L. J., Asad Ju., Shpilko M., Shah A., Feldman Sh., Boolbol S. K. George Peters Award: how does breast-specific gamma imaging affect the management of patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer? Am. J. Surg. 2009; 198: 470–474.Lishmanov Yu. B., Chernov V. I., Krivonogov N. G., Gluhov G. G., Maslova L. V. Perfusion myocardial scintigraphy with 199T-chloride in the experiment. Medical Radiology and Radiation Safety. 1988; 33(3): 13–16 (In Russ).Schillaci O., Buscombe J. R. Breast scintigraphy today: indications and limitations. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2004; 31(suppl): S35–S45.Lishmanov Yu. B., Chernov V. I., Krivonogov N. G., Efimova I. Yu., Vesnina Zh. V., Zavadovskij K. V., Minin S. M., Sazonova S. I., Skuridin V. S., Pan’kova A. N., Saushkin V. V., Il’jushenkova Yu. N., Efimova N. Yu. Radionuclide methods of research in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Siberian Medical Journal (Tomsk)=Sibirskij Medicinskij Zhurnal (Tomsk). 2010; 25(4–1): 8–13 (In Russ).Brem R. F., Fishman M., Rapelyea J. Detection of ductal carcinoma in situ with mammography, breast specific gamma imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging: a comparative study. Acad. Radiol. 2007; 14: 945–950.Karpov R. S., Pavljukova E. N., Vrublevskij A. V., Chernov V. I., Usov V. Ju. Modern methods of diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis. Siberian Scientific Medical Journal=Sibirskij nauchnyj medicinskij zhurnal. 2006; 26(2): 105–117 (In Russ).Лишманов Ю. Б., Чернов В. И., Кривоногов Н. Г., Глухов Г. Г., Маслова Л. В. Перфузионная сцинтиграфия миокарда с 199Tl-хлоридом в эксперименте. Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность. 1988; 33(3): 13–16.Chernov V. I., Garganeeva A. A., Vesnina Zh. V., Lishmanov Yu. B. Perfusion myocardial scintigraphy in assessing the results of course of treatment with Trimetazidine in patients with coronary heart disease. Cardiology=Kardiologija. 2001; 41(8): 14–16 (In Russ).Лишманов Ю. Б., Чернов В. И., Кривоногов Н. Г., Ефимова И. Ю., Веснина Ж. В., Завадовский К. В., Минин С. М., Сазонова С. И., Скуридин В. С., Панькова А. Н., Саушкин В. В., Ильюшенкова Ю. Н., Ефимова Н. Ю. Радионуклидные методы исследования в диагностике сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Сибирский медицинский журнал (Томск). 2010; 25(4–1): 8–13.Hodges L. M., Markova S. M., Chinn L. W., Gow J. M., Kroetz D. L., Klein T. E., Altman R. B. Very important pharmacogene summary: ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein). Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 2011 Mar; 21(3): 152–161. DOI: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283385a1c. PubMed PMID: 20216335; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3098758.Карпов Р. С., Павлюкова Е. Н., Врублевский А. В., Чернов В. И., Усов В. Ю. Современные методы диагностики коронарного атеросклероза. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2006; 26(2): 105–117.Guo C., Zhang C., Liu J., Tong L., Huang G. Is Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography useful in the prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy responses in breast cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2016 Jul; 37(7): 675–688. DOI: 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000502. Review. PubMed PMID: 26974314.Чернов В. И., Гарганеева А. А., Веснина Ж. В., Лишманов Ю. Б. Перфузионная сцинтиграфия миокарда в оценке результатов курсового лечения триметазидином больных ишемической болезнью сердца. Кардиология. 2001; 41(8): 14–16.Ak Y., Demirel G., Gülbas Z. MDR1, MRP1 and LRP expression in patients with untreated acute leukaemia: correlation with 99mTc-MIBI bone marrow scintigraphy. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2007 Jul; 28(7): 541–546. PubMed PMID: 17538395.Hodges L. M., Markova S. M., Chinn L. W., Gow J. M., Kroetz D. L., Klein T. E., Altman R. B. Very important pharmacogene summary: ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein). Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 2011 Mar; 21(3): 152–161. DOI: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283385a1c. PubMed PMID: 20216335; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3098758.Mariani G., Bruselli L., Duatti A. Is PET always an advantage versus planar and SPECT imaging? Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2008; 35(8): 1560–1565.Guo C., Zhang C., Liu J., Tong L., Huang G. Is Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography useful in the prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy responses in breast cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2016 Jul; 37(7): 675–688. DOI: 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000502. Review. PubMed PMID: 26974314.Xu H. B., Li L., Xu Q. Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2011 Nov; 32(11): 980–988. DOI: 10.1097/MNM.0b013e32834b43a9. Review. PubMed PMID: 21956488.Ak Y., Demirel G., Gülbas Z. MDR1, MRP1 and LRP expression in patients with untreated acute leukaemia: correlation with 99mTc-MIBI bone marrow scintigraphy. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2007 Jul; 28(7): 541–546. PubMed PMID: 17538395.Liberman M., Sampalis F., Mulder D. S., Sampalis J. S. Breast cancer diagnosis by scintimammography: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2003 Jul; 80(1): 115–126. Review. PubMed PMID: 12889605.Mariani G., Bruselli L., Duatti A. Is PET always an advantage versus planar and SPECT imaging? Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2008; 35(8): 1560–1565.Hussain R., Buscombe J. R. A meta-analysis of scintimammography: an evidence-based approach to its clinical utility. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2006 Jul; 27(7): 589–594. Review. PubMed PMID: 16794520.Xu H. B., Li L., Xu Q. Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography for the diagnosis of breast cancer: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2011 Nov; 32(11): 980–988. DOI: 10.1097/MNM.0b013e32834b43a9. Review. PubMed PMID:Tsurusaki M., Okada M., Kuroda H., Matsuki M., Ishii K., Murakami T. Clinical application of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for assessment and evaluation after therapy for malignant hepatic tumor. J. Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan; 49(1): 46–56. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0790-5. Epub 2013 Mar 26. Review. PubMed PMID: 23525980; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3895191.Piva R., Ticconi F., Ceriani V., Scalorbi F., Fiz F., Capitanio S., Bauckneht M., Cittadini G., Sambuceti G., Morbelli S. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT for breast cancer recurrence. Breast Cancer (Dove Med. Press). 2017 Jul 4; 9: 461–471. DOI: 10.2147/BCTT.S111098. eCollection 2017. Review. PubMed PMID: 28740429; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5503278.Piva R., Ticconi F., Ceriani V., Scalorbi F., Fiz F., Capitanio S., Bauckneht M., Cittadini G., Sambuceti G., Morbelli S. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT for breast cancer recurrence. Breast Cancer (Dove Med. Press). 2017 Jul 4; 9: 461–471. DOI: 10.2147/BCTT.S111098. eCollection 2017. Review. PubMed PMID: 28740429; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5503278.Liberman M., Sampalis F., Mulder D. S., Sampalis J. S. Breast cancer diagnosis by scintimammography: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2003 Jul; 80(1): 115–126. Review. PubMed PMID: 12889605.Jadvar H., Alavi A., Gambhir S. S. 18F-FDG uptake in lung, breast, and colon cancers: molecular biology correlates and disease characterization. J. Nucl. Med. 2009 Nov; 50(11): 1820–1827. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.054098. Epub 2009 Oct 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 19837767; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2783751.Hussain R., Buscombe J. R. A meta-analysis of scintimammography: an evidence-based approach to its clinical utility. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2006 Jul; 27(7): 589–594. Review. PubMed PMID: 16794520.Olivier H., Alexandre C., Bruno C., Alina B., Salim K., François B., Pierre F. Role of Positron Emission Tomography for the Monitoring of Response to Therapy in Breast Cancer. Oncologist. 2015 Feb; 20(2): 94–104. Published online 2015 Jan 5. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0342 PMCID: PMC4319634.Tsurusaki M., Okada M., Kuroda H., Matsuki M., Ishii K., Murakami T. Clinical application of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for assessment and evaluation after therapy for malignant hepatic tumor. J. Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan; 49(1): 46–56. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0790-5. Epub 2013 Mar 26. Review. PubMed PMID: 23525980; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3895191.Fletcher J. W., Djulbegovic B., Soares H. P., Siegel B. A., Lowe V. J., Lyman G. H., Coleman R. E., Wahl R., Paschold J. C., Avril N., Einhorn L. H., Suh W. W., Samson D., Delbeke D., Gorman M., Shields A. F. Recommendations on the use of 18F-FDG PET in oncology. J. Nucl. Med. 2008; 49: 480–508.Piva R., Ticconi F., Ceriani V., Scalorbi F., Fiz F., Capitanio S., Bauckneht M., Cittadini G., Sambuceti G., Morbelli S. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT for breast cancer recurrence. Breast Cancer (Dove Med. Press). 2017 Jul 4; 9: 461–471. DOI: 10.2147/BCTT.S111098. eCollection 2017. Review. PubMed PMID: 28740429; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5503278.Surti S. Radionuclide methods and instrumentation for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2013; 43: 271–280.Jadvar H., Alavi A., Gambhir S. S. 18F-FDG uptake in lung, breast, and colon cancers: molecular biology correlates and disease characterization. J. Nucl. Med. 2009 Nov; 50(11): 1820–1827. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.054098. Epub 2009 Oct 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 19837767; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2783751.Sun Y., Wei W., Yang H. W., Liu J. L. Clinical usefulness of breastspecific gamma imaging as an adjunct modality to mammography for diagnosis of breast cancer: a systemic review and metaanalysis. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2013; 40: 450–463.Olivier H., Alexandre C., Bruno C., Alina B., Salim K., François B., Pierre F. Role of Positron Emission Tomography for the Monitoring of Response to Therapy in Breast Cancer. Oncologist. 2015 Feb; 20(2): 94–104. Published online 2015 Jan 5. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0342 PMCID: PMC4319634.Weinberg N. Applications for positron emission mammography. Phys. Med. 2006; 21(Suppl 1), 132–137.Fletcher J. W., Djulbegovic B., Soares H. P., Siegel B. A., Lowe V. J., Lyman G. H., Coleman R. E., Wahl R., Paschold J. C., Avril N., Einhorn L. H., Suh W. W., Samson D., Delbeke D., Gorman M., Shields A. F. Recommendations on the use of 18F-FDG PET in oncology. J. Nucl. Med. 2008; 49: 480–508.MacDonald L., Edwards J., Lewellen T., Haseley D., Rogers J., Kinahan P. Clinical imaging characteristics of the positron emission mammography camera: PEM Flex Solo II. J. Nucl. Med. 2009; 50: 1666–1675.Surti S. Radionuclide methods and instrumentation for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2013; 43: 271–280.Moliner L., Gonzalez A. J., Soriano A., Sanchez F., Correcher C., Orero A., Carles M., Vidal L. F., Barbera J., Caballero L., Seimetz M., Vazquez C., Benlloch J. M. Design and evaluation of the MAMMI dedicated breast PET. Med. Phys. 2012; 39: 5393–5404.Sun Y., Wei W., Yang H. W., Liu J. L. Clinical usefulness of breastspecific gamma imaging as an adjunct modality to mammography for diagnosis of breast cancer: a systemic review and metaanalysis. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2013; 40: 450–463.Kalinyak J. E., Berg W. A., Schilling K., Madsen K. S., Narayanan D., Tartar M. Breast cancer detection using high-resolution breast PET compared to whole-body PET or PET/CT. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2013 Oct 2 [Epub ahead of print].Weinberg N. Applications for positron emission mammography. Phys. Med. 2006; 21(Suppl 1), 132–137.Schilling K., Narayanan D., Kalinyak J. E., The J., Velasquez M. V., Kahn S., Saady M., Mahal R., Chrystal L. Positron emission mammography in breast cancer presurgical planning: comparisons with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011; 38: 23–36.MacDonald L., Edwards J., Lewellen T., Haseley D., Rogers J., Kinahan P. Clinical imaging characteristics of the positron emission mammography camera: PEM Flex Solo II. J. Nucl. Med. 2009; 50: 1666–1675.Kaufmann M., von Minckwitz G., Mamounas E. P., Cameron D., Carey L. A., Cristofanilli M., Denkert C., Eiermann W., Gnant M., Harris J. R., Karn T., Liedtke C., Mauri D., Rouzier R., Ruckhaeberle E., Semiglazov V., Symmans W. F., Tutt A., Pusztai L. Recommendations from an international consensus 7 conference on the current status and future of neoadjuvant systemic therapy in primary breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 19: 1508–1516. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2108-2.Moliner L., Gonzalez A. J., Soriano A., Sanchez F., Correcher C., Orero A., Carles M., Vidal L. F., Barbera J., Caballero L., Seimetz M., Vazquez C., Benlloch J. M. Design and evaluation of the MAMMI dedicated breast PET. Med. Phys. 2012; 39: 5393–5404.Von Minckwitz G., Untch M., Blohmer J. U., Costa S. D., Eidtmann H., Fasching P. A., Gerber B., Eiermann W., Hilfrich J., Huober J., Jackisch C., Kaufmann M., Konecny G. E., Denkert C., Nekljudova V., Mehta K., Loibl S. Definition and impact of pathologic complete response on prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in various intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30: 1796–1804.Kalinyak J. E., Berg W. A., Schilling K., Madsen K. S., Narayanan D., Tartar M. Breast cancer detection using high-resolution breast PET compared to whole-body PET or PET/CT. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2013 Oct 2 [Epub ahead of print].Kuerer H. M., Krishnamurthy S., Rauch G. M., Yang W. T., Smith B. D., Valero V. Optimal Selection of Breast Cancer Patients for Elimination of Surgery Following Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy. Ann. Surg. 2017 Oct 23. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002573. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29064904; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6056325.Schilling K., Narayanan D., Kalinyak J. E., The J., Velasquez M. V., Kahn S., Saady M., Mahal R., Chrystal L. Positron emission mammography in breast cancer presurgical planning: comparisons with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011; 38: 23–36.Dialani V., Chadashvili T., Slanetz P. J. Role of imaging in neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2015 May; 22(5): 1416–1424. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4403-9. Epub 2015 Mar 2. Review. PubMed PMID: 25727555.Kaufmann M., von Minckwitz G., Mamounas E. P., Cameron D., Carey L. A., Cristofanilli M., Denkert C., Eiermann W., Gnant M., Harris J. R., Karn T., Liedtke C., Mauri D., Rouzier R., Ruckhaeberle E., Semiglazov V., Symmans W. F., Tutt A., Pusztai L. Recommendations from an international consensus 7 conference on the current status and future of neoadjuvant systemic therapy in primary breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 19: 1508–1516. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2108-2.Mghanga F. P., Lan X., Bakari K. H., Li C., Zhang Y. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography in monitoring the response of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Clin. Breast Cancer. 2013; 13: 271–279.Von Minckwitz G., Untch M., Blohmer J. U., Costa S. D., Eidtmann H., Fasching P. A., Gerber B., Eiermann W., Hilfrich J., Huober J., Jackisch C., Kaufmann M., Konecny G. E., Denkert C., Nekljudova V., Mehta K., Loibl S. Definition and impact of pathologic complete response on prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in various intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30: 1796–1804.Collarino A., de Koster E. J., Valdés Olmos R. A., de Geus-Oei L.-F., Pereira Arias-Bouda L. M. Is 99mTc-sestamibi Imaging Able to Predict Pathologic Nonresponse to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer? A Meta-analysis Evaluating Current Use and Shortcomings. Clin. Breast Cancer. 2018 Feb; 18(1): 9–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.06.008.Kuerer H. M., Krishnamurthy S., Rauch G. M., Yang W. T., Smith B. D., Valero V. Optimal Selection of Breast Cancer Patients for Elimination of Surgery Following Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy. Ann. Surg. 2017 Oct 23. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002573. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29064904; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6056325.Fowler A. M. A molecular approach to breast imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 2014 Feb; 55(2): 177–180. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.126102. Epub 2014 Jan 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 24434288.Dialani V., Chadashvili T., Slanetz P. J. Role of imaging in neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2015 May; 22(5): 1416–1424. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4403-9. Epub 2015 Mar 2. Review. PubMed PMID: 25727555.Wang Y., Zhang C., Liu J., Huang G. Is 18F-FDG PET accurate to predict neoadjuvant therapy response in breast cancer? A metaanalysis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2012 Jan; 131(2): 357–369. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1780-z. Epub 2011 Sep 30. PubMed PMID: 21960111.Mghanga F. P., Lan X., Bakari K. H., Li C., Zhang Y. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography in monitoring the response of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Clin. Breast Cancer. 2013; 13: 271–279.National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast Cancer (Version 2.2018) https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdfCollarino A., de Koster E. J., Valdés Olmos R. A., de Geus-Oei L.-F., Pereira Arias-Bouda L. M. Is 99mTc-sestamibi Imaging Able to Predict Pathologic Nonresponse to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer? A Meta-analysis Evaluating Current Use and Shortcomings. Clin. Breast Cancer. 2018 Feb; 18(1): 9–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.06.008.Menezes G. L., Knuttel F. M., Stehouwer B. L., Pijnappel R. M., van den Bosch M. A. Magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer: A literature review and future perspectives. World J. Clin. Oncol. 2014; 5(2): 61–70.Fowler A. M. A molecular approach to breast imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 2014 Feb; 55(2): 177–180. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.126102. Epub 2014 Jan 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 24434288.Schelfout K., Van Goethem M., Kersschot E., Colpaert C., Schelfhout A. M., Leyman P., Verslegers I., Biltjes I., Van Den Haute J., Gillardin J. P., Tjalma W., Van Der Auwera J. C., Buytaert P., De Schepper A. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of breast lesions and effect on treatment. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004 Jun; 30(5): 501–507. PubMed PMID: 15135477.Wang Y., Zhang C., Liu J., Huang G. Is 18F-FDG PET accurate to predict neoadjuvant therapy response in breast cancer? A metaanalysis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2012 Jan; 131(2): 357–369. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1780-z. Epub 2011 Sep 30. PubMed PMID: 21960111.Ecanow J. S., Abe H., Newstead G. M., Ecanow D. B., Jeske J. M. Axillary staging of breast cancer: what the radiologist should know. Radiographics. 2013 Oct; 33(6): 1589–1612. DOI: 10.1148/rg.336125060. Review. PubMed PMID: 24108553.National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast Cancer (Version 2.2018) https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdfBerg W. A., Zhang Z., Lehrer D., Jong R. A., Pisano E. D., Barr R. G., Böhm-Vélez M., Mahoney M. C., Evans W. P., Larsen L. H., Morton M. J., Mendelson E. B., Farria D. M., Cormack J. B., Marques H. S., Adams A., Yeh N. M., Gabrielli G.; ACRIN 6666 Investigators. Detection of breast cancer with addition of annual screening ultrasound or a single screening MRI to mammography in women with elevated breast cancer risk. JAMA. 2012 Apr 4; 307(13): 1394–1404. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.388. PubMed PMID: 22474203; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3891886.Menezes G. L., Knuttel F. M., Stehouwer B. L., Pijnappel R. M., van den Bosch M. A. Magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer: A literature review and future perspectives. World J. Clin. Oncol. 2014; 5(2): 61–70.Lehman C. D., Gatsonis C., Kuhl C. K., Hendrick R. E., Pisano E. D., Hanna L., Peacock S., Smazal S. F., Maki D. D., Julian T. B., DePeri E. R., Bluemke D. A., Schnall M. D.; ACRIN Trial 6667 Investigators Group. MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007 Mar 29; 356(13): 1295–1303. Epub 2007 Mar 28. PubMed PMID: 17392300.Schelfout K., Van Goethem M., Kersschot E., Colpaert C., Schelfhout A. M., Leyman P., Verslegers I., Biltjes I., Van Den Haute J., Gillardin J. P., Tjalma W., Van Der Auwera J. C., Buytaert P., De Schepper A. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of breast lesions and effect on treatment. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004 Jun; 30(5): 501–507. PubMed PMID: 15135477.Moore S. G., Shenoy P. J., Fanucchi L., Tumeh J. W., Flowers C. R. Cost-effectiveness of MRI compared to mammography for breast cancer screening in a high risk population. BMC HealthEcanow J. S., Abe H., Newstead G. M., Ecanow D. B., Jeske J. M. Axillary staging of breast cancer: what the radiologist should know. Radiographics. 2013 Oct; 33(6): 1589–1612. DOI: 10.1148/rg.336125060. Review. PubMed PMID: 24108553.Serv. Res. 2009 Jan 13; 9: 9. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-9-9. Pub-Med PMID: 19144138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2630922.Berg W. A., Zhang Z., Lehrer D., Jong R. A., Pisano E. D., Barr R. G., Böhm-Vélez M., Mahoney M. C., Evans W. P., Larsen L. H., Morton M. J., Mendelson E. B., Farria D. M., Cormack J. B., Marques H. S., Adams A., Yeh N. M., Gabrielli G.; ACRIN 6666 Investigators. Detection of breast cancer with addition of annual screening ultrasound or a single screening MRI to mammography in women with elevated breast cancer risk. JAMA. 2012 Apr 4; 307(13): 1394–1404. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.388. PubMed PMID: 22474203; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3891886.Zhang A., Li P., Liu Q., Song S. Breast-specific gamma camera imaging with (99m)Tc-MIBI has better diagnostic performance than magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Hell J. Nucl. Med. 2017 Jan-Apr; 20(1): 26–35. DOI: 10.1967/s002449910503. Epub 2017 Mar 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 28315905.Lehman C. D., Gatsonis C., Kuhl C. K., Hendrick R. E., Pisano E. D., Hanna L., Peacock S., Smazal S. F., Maki D. D., Julian T. B., De-Peri E. R., Bluemke D. A., Schnall M. D.; ACRIN Trial 6667 Investigators Group. MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007 Mar 29; 356(13): 1295–1303. Epub 2007 Mar 28. PubMed PMID: 17392300.Eo J. S., Chun I. K., Paeng J. C., Kang K. W., Lee S. M., Han W., Noh D. Y., Chung J. K., Lee D. S. Imaging sensitivity of dedicated positron emission mammography in relation to tumor size. Breast. 2012 Feb; 21(1): 66–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2011.08.002. Epub 2011 Aug 25. PubMed PMID: 21871801.Moore S. G., Shenoy P. J., Fanucchi L., Tumeh J. W., Flowers C. R. Cost-effectiveness of MRI compared to mammography for breast cancer screening in a high risk population. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2009 Jan 13; 9: 9. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-9-9. Pub-Med PMID: 19144138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2630922.Schilling K., Narayanan D., Kalinyak J. E., The J., Velasquez M. V., Kahn S., Saady M., Mahal R., Chrystal L. Positron emission mammography in breast cancer presurgical planning: comparisons with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011 Jan; 38(1): 23–36. DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1588-9. Epub 2010 Sep 25. PubMed PMID: 20871992; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3005116.Zhang A., Li P., Liu Q., Song S. Breast-specific gamma camera imaging with (99m)Tc-MIBI has better diagnostic performance than magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Hell J. Nucl. Med. 2017 Jan-Apr; 20(1): 26–35. DOI: 10.1967/s002449910503. Epub 2017 Mar 20. Review. Pub-Med PMID: 28315905.Zhang A., Li P., Liu Q., Song S. Breast-specific gamma camera imaging with (99m)Tc-MIBI has better diagnostic performance than magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Hell J. Nucl. Med. 2017 Jan-Apr; 20(1): 26–35. DOI: 10.1967/s002449910503. Epub 2017 Mar 20. Review. Pub-Med PMID: 28315905.Eo J. S., Chun I. K., Paeng J. C., Kang K. W., Lee S. M., Han W., Noh D. Y., Chung J. K., Lee D. S. Imaging sensitivity of dedicated positron emission mammography in relation to tumor size. Breast. 2012 Feb; 21(1): 66–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2011.08.002. Epub 2011 Aug 25. PubMed PMID: 21871801.Eo J. S., Chun I. K., Paeng J. C., Kang K. W., Lee S. M., Han W., Noh D. Y., Chung J. K., Lee D. S. Imaging sensitivity of dedicated positron emission mammography in relation to tumor size. Breast. 2012 Feb; 21(1): 66–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2011.08.002. Epub 2011 Aug 25. PubMed PMID: 21871801.Schilling K., Narayanan D., Kalinyak J. E., The J., Velasquez M. V., Kahn S., Saady M., Mahal R., Chrystal L. Positron emission mammography in breast cancer presurgical planning: comparisons with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011 Jan; 38(1): 23–36. DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1588-9. Epub 2010 Sep 25. PubMed PMID: 20871992; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3005116.Schilling K., Narayanan D., Kalinyak J. E., The J., Velasquez M. V., Kahn S., Saady M., Mahal R., Chrystal L. Positron emission mammography in breast cancer presurgical planning: comparisons with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011 Jan; 38(1): 23–36. DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1588-9. Epub 2010 Sep 25. PubMed PMID: 20871992; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3005116.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.