cardiotomskСибирский журнал клинической и экспериментальной медициныSiberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine2713-29272713-265XTSU publishing10.29001/2073-8552-2019-34-3-13-20cardiotomsk-808Research ArticleПЕРЕДОВАЯ СТАТЬЯLEADING ARTICLEФибрилляция предсердий и артериальная гипертензия: современное представление о патогенезе, диагностике и леченииAtrial fibrillation and hypertension: current understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatmenthttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-9904КиргизоваМ. А.KirgizovaM. A.

канд. мед. наук, младший научный сотрудник отделения хирургического лечения сложных нарушений ритма сердца и электрокардиостимуляции, 

634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а

M.D., Cand. Sci. (Med.), Junior Research Scientist, Department of Interventional Arrhythmology, Cardiology Research Institute, 

111a, Kievskaya str., Tomsk, 634012

kirsay@yandex.ruБаталовР. Е.BatalovR. E.

д-р мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отделения хирургического лечения сложных нарушений ритма сердца и электрокардиостимуляции,

634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а

M.D., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Leading Research Scientist, Department of Interventional Arrhythmology, Cardiology Research Institute,

111a, Kievskaya str., Tomsk, 634012

romancer@cardio-tomsk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7303-9756ТатарскийБ. А.TatarskyB. A.

д-р мед. наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Клиническая аритмология»,

197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2

M.D., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Chief Research Scientist, Research Laboratory for Clinical Arrhythmology,

2, Akkuratova str., St. Petersburg, 197341

btat@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9050-4493ПоповС. В.PopovS. V.

д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, руководитель отделения хирургического лечения сложных нарушений ритма сердца и электрокардиостимуляции, директор,

634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а

M.D., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Interventional Arrhythmology, Director of the Cardiology Research Institute,

111a, Kievskaya str., Tomsk, 634012

psv@cardio-tomsk.ruНаучно-исследовательский институт кардиологии, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наукРоссияTomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияAlmazov National Medical Research CentreRussian Federation2019011120193431320Copyright © Киргизова М.А., Баталов Р.Е., Татарский Б.А., Попов С.В., 20192019Киргизова М.А., Баталов Р.Е., Татарский Б.А., Попов С.В.Kirgizova M.A., Batalov R.E., Tatarsky B.A., Popov S.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.sibjcem.ru/jour/article/view/808

Представленный обзор литературы посвящен разбору особенностей патогенеза фибрилляции предсердий (ФП) у больных артериальной гипертензией (АГ), оптимальной тактики лечения данной когорты пациентов. В частности, рассмотрены патологические механизмы (гемодинамические, структурные и электрофизиологические) формирования ФП при АГ. В статье освещены проблемы первичной и вторичной профилактики ФП с помощью антигипертензивной терапии, аспекты профилактики тромбоэмболических осложнений у больных ФП с АГ.

The present literature review is devoted to the analysis of the features of the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation in patients with arterial hypertension and to the optimal treatment tactics in this cohort of patients. In particular, pathological mechanisms (hemodynamic, structural, and electrophysiological) of the development of atrial fibrillation in arterial hypertension are reviewed. The article highlights the problems of primary and secondary prevention of atrial fibrillation using antihypertensive therapy as well as the aspects of the prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with atrial fibrillation and arterial hypertension.

фибрилляция предсердийгипертоническая болезньпатогенездиагностикалечениеatrial fibrillationhypertensionpathogenesisdiagnosistreatmentReferencesЧазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В., Ощепкова Е.В., Шальнова С.А., Яровая Е.Б., Конради А.О. и др. Распространенность ФР сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в Pоссийской популяции больных артериальной гипертонией. Кардиология. 2014;10:4–12. DOI: 10.18565/cardio.2014.10.4-12.Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Yu.V., Oshchepkova E.V., Shalnova S.A., Yarovaya E.B., Konradi A.O. et al. The prevalence of RF of cardiovascular diseases in the Russian population of patients with arterial hypertension. Cardiology. 2014;10:4–12 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18565/cardio.2014.10.4-12.Чазова И.Е., Ощепкова Е.В. Итоги реализации федеральной целевой программы по профилактике и лечению артериальной гипертензии в России в 2002–2012 гг. Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. 2013;68(2):4–11. DOI: 10.15690/vramn.v68i2.542.Chazova I.E., Oshchepkova E.V. Results of the implementation of the federal target program for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in Russia in 2002-2012. Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2013;68(2):4–11 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15690/vramn.v68i2.542.Healey J.S., Connolly S.J. Atrial fibrillation: hypertension as a causative agent, risk factor for complications, and potential therapeutic target. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003;91(10):9–14. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00227-3.Healey J.S., Connolly S.J. Atrial fibrillation: hypertension as a causative agent, risk factor for complications, and potential therapeutic target. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003;91(10):9–14. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00227-3.Chow C.K., Teo K.K., Rangarajan S., Islam S., Gupta R., Avezum A. et al. PURE Study Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310(9):959–968. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.184182.Chow C.K., Teo K.K., Rangarajan S., Islam S., Gupta R., Avezum A. et al. PURE Study Investigators. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310(9):959–968. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.184182.Kirchof P., Benussi S., Kotecha D., Atar D., Casadei B., Castella M. et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACT. Eur. Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893–2962. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210.Kirchof P., Benussi S., Kotecha D., Atar D., Casadei B., Castella M. et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACT. Eur. Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893–2962. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210.Сулимов В.А., Голицын С.П., Панченко Е.П., Попов С.В., Ревишвили А.Ш., Шубик Ю.В. и др. Диагностика и лечение фибрилляции предсердий: рекомендации РКО, ВНОА и АССХ. Москва: Национальный фонд поддержки профилактической медицины «ПРОФМЕДФОРУМ»; 2012:112. www.profmedforum.ru.Sulimov V.A., Golitsyn S.P., Panchenko E.P., Popov S.V., Rerevishvili A.Sh., Shubic Yu.V. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation: recommendations of RKO, VNOA and ASCH. Moscow: National Foundation for the Support of Preventive Medicine “PROFMEDFORUM”; 2012:112 (In Russ.). www.profmedforum.ru.Филатов А.Г., Тарашвили Э.Г. Эпидемиология и социальная значимость фибрилляции предсердий. Анналы аритмологии. 2012;(2):5–13.Filatov A.G., Tarashvili E.G. Epidemiology and social significance of atrial fibrillation. Annals of Arrhythmology. 2012;(2):5–13 (In Russ.).Hansson L., Lindholm L.H., Ekbom T., Dahlöf B., for the STOP-Hypertension-2 study group. Randomized trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with hypertension-2 study. Lancet.1999;354(9192):1751–1756. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)10327-1.Hansson L., Lindholm L.H., Ekbom T., Dahlöf B., for the STOP-Hypertension-2 study group. Randomized trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with hypertension-2 study. Lancet.1999;354(9192):1751–1756. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)10327-1.Hansson L., Lindholm L.H., Niskanen L., Lanke J., Hedner T., Niklason A. et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomized trial. Lancet.1999;353(9153):611–616. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05012-0.Hansson L., Lindholm L.H., Niskanen L., Lanke J., Hedner T., Niklason A. et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomized trial. Lancet.1999;353(9153):611–616. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05012-0.Dahlof B., Devereux R.B., Kjeldsen S.E., Julius S., Beevers G., Faire U. et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995–1003. DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(02)08089-3.Dahlof B., Devereux R.B., Kjeldsen S.E., Julius S., Beevers G., Faire U. et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995–1003. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08089-3.Kirchhof P., Benussi S., Kotecha D., Ahlsson A., Atar D., Casadei B. et al. ESC Scientific Document Group, 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur. Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893–2962. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210.Kirchhof P., Benussi S., Kotecha D., Ahlsson A., Atar D., Casadei B. et al. ESC Scientific Document Group, 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur. Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893–2962. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210.Kishore A., Vail A., Majid A., Dawson J., Lees K.R., Tyrrell P.J. et al. Detection of atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2014;45:520–526. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003433.Kishore A., Vail A., Majid A., Dawson J., Lees K.R., Tyrrell P.J. et al. Detection of atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2014;45:520–526. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003433.Sanna T., Diener H.C., Passman R.S., Di Lazzaro V., Bernstein R.A., Morillo C.A. et al. CRYSTALAF Investigators. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014;370:2478–2486. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1313600.Sanna T., Diener H.C., Passman R.S., Di Lazzaro V., Bernstein R.A., Morillo C.A. et al. CRYSTALAF Investigators. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014;370:2478–2486. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1313600.Schnabel R.B., Yin X., Gona P., Larson M.G., Beiser A.S., McManus D.D. et al. 50 year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2015;386(9989):154–162. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61774-8.Schnabel R.B., Yin X., Gona P., Larson M.G., Beiser A.S., McManus D.D. et al. 50 year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2015;386(9989):154–162. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61774-8.Grundvold I., Skretteberg P.T., Liestøl K., Erikssen G., Kjeldsen S.E., Arnesen H. et al. Upper normal blood pressures predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middleagedmen: a 35-year follow-up study. Hypertension. 2012;59(2):198–204. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.179713.Grundvold I., Skretteberg P.T., Liestøl K., Erikssen G., Kjeldsen S.E., Arnesen H. et al. Upper normal blood pressures predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middleagedmen: a 35-year follow-up study. Hypertension. 2012;59(2):198–204. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.179713.Williams B., Mancia G., Spiering W., Agabiti Rosei E., Azizi M., Burnier M. et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur. Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021–3104. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.Williams B., Mancia G., Spiering W., Agabiti Rosei E., Azizi M., Burnier M. et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur. Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021–3104. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.Mitchell G.F., Vasan R.S., Keyes M.J., Parise H., Wang T.J., Larson M.G. et al. Pulse pressure and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2007;297(7):709–715. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.7.709.Mitchell G.F., Vasan R.S., Keyes M.J., Parise H., Wang T.J., Larson M.G. et al. Pulse pressure and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2007;297(7):709–715. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.7.709.Chatterjee S., Bavishi C., Sardar P., Agarwal V., Krishnamoorthy P., Grodzicki T. et al. Meta-analysis of left ventricular hypertrophy and sustained arrhythmias. Am. J. Cardiol. 2014;114(7):1049–1052. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.015.Chatterjee S., Bavishi C., Sardar P., Agarwal V., Krishnamoorthy P., Grodzicki T. et al. Meta-analysis of left ventricular hypertrophy and sustained arrhythmias. Am. J. Cardiol. 2014;114(7):1049–1052. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.015.Миллер О.Н., Скурихина О.Н., Гусятникова Т.А., Субраков Г.Е. Ингибиторы ангиотензинпревращающего фермента в ремоделировании миокарда у больных артериальной гипертонией и фибрилляцией предсердий. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2007;(5):74–78. DOI: 15829/1560-4071-2007-5-74-78.Miller O.N., Skurikhina O.N., Gusyatnikova T.A., Subrakov G.E. ACE inhibitors and myocardial remodeling in patients with arterial hypertension and atrial fibrillation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2007;5:74–78 (In Russ.). DOI: 15829/1560-4071-2007-5-74-78.Дедов Д.В., Иванов А.П., Эльгардт И.А. Влияние электромеханического ремоделирования сердца на развитие фибрилляции предсердий у больных ИБС и артериальной гипертонией. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2011;4:13–18. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2011-4-13-18.Dedov D.V., Ivanov A.P., Elgardt I.A. Electro-mechanical heart remodelling and atrial fibrillation development in patients with coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2011;4:13–18 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2011-4-13-18.Levy S., Maarek M., Сoumel P., Guize L., Lekieffre J., Medvedowsky J.-L. et al. Characterization of different subsets of atrial fibrillation in general practice in France: the ALFA study: The College of French Cardiologists. Circulation. 1999;99(23):3028–3035. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.23.3028.Levy S., Maarek M., Сoumel P., Guize L., Lekieffre J., Medvedowsky J.-L. et al. Characterization of different subsets of atrial fibrillation in general practice in France: the ALFA study: The College of French Cardiologists. Circulation. 1999;99(23):3028–3035. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.23.3028.Джанашия П.Х., Потешкина Н.Г., Гайдукова Н.И., Шогенов З.С., Туев А.В. Взаимосвязь структурно-функционального и электрофизиологического ремоделирования миокарда у больных артериальной гипертонией. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2005;51(1):28–32.Dzhanashia P.Kh., Poteshkina N.G., Gaidukova N.I., Shogenov Z.S., Tuev A.V. Interrelation of structural-functional and electrophysiological myocardial remodeling in patients with arterial hypertension. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2005;1:28–32 (In Russ.).Григорян С.В., Азарапетян Л.Г., Адамян К.Г. Миокардиальный фиброз и фибрилляция предсердий. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2018;9:71–76. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2018-9-71-76.Grigoryan S.V., Azarapetyan L.G., Adamyan K.G. Myocardial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2018;9:71–76 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2018-9-71-76.Andrade J., Khairy P., Dobrev D., Nattel S. The clinical profileand pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: relationships among clinical features, epidemiology, and mechanisms. Circ. Res. 2014;114(9):1453–1468. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303211.Andrade J., Khairy P., Dobrev D., Nattel S. The clinical profileand pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: relationships among clinical features, epidemiology, and mechanisms. Circ. Res. 2014;114(9):1453–1468. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303211.Apostolakis S., Sullivan R.M., Olshansky B., Lip G.Y. Left ventricular geometry and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: The AFFIRM Trial. Int. J. Cardiol. 2014;170(3):303–308. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.002.Apostolakis S., Sullivan R.M., Olshansky B., Lip G.Y. Left ventricular geometry and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: The AFFIRM Trial. Int. J. Cardiol. 2014;170(3):303–308. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.002.Verdecchia P., Angeli F., Reboldi G. Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation: Doubts and Certainties from Basic and Clinical Studies. Circ. Res. 2018;122(2):352–368. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311402.Verdecchia P., Angeli F., Reboldi G. Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation: Doubts and Certainties from Basic and Clinical Studies. Circ. Res. 2018;122(2):352–368. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311402.Varela M., Bisbal F., Zacur E., Berruezo A., Aslanidi O.V., Mont L. et al. Novel сomputational аnalysis of left atrial anatomy improves prediction of atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation. Front. Physiol. 2017;8:68. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00068.Varela M., Bisbal F., Zacur E., Berruezo A., Aslanidi O.V., Mont L. et al. Novel сomputational аnalysis of left atrial anatomy improves prediction of atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation. Front. Physiol. 2017;8:68. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00068.Bisbal F., Alarcon F., Ferrero-de-Loma-Osorio A., Gonzalez-Ferrer J.J., Alonso C., Pachón M. et al. Left atrial geometry and outcome of atrial fibrillation ablation: results from the multicentre LAGO-AF Study. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2018;19(9):1002–1009. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey060.Bisbal F., Alarcon F., Ferrero-de-Loma-Osorio A., Gonzalez-Ferrer J.J., Alonso C., Pachón M. et al. Left atrial geometry and outcome of atrial fibrillation ablation: results from the multicentre LAGO-AF Study. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2018;19(9):1002–1009. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey060.Mitrousi K., Lip G., Apostolakis S. Age as a risk factor for stroke in atrial fibrillation patients: implications in thromboprophylaxis in the era of novel oral anticoagulants. J. Atr. Fibrillation. 2013;6(1):783. DOI: 10.4022/jafib.783.Mitrousi K., Lip G., Apostolakis S. Age as a risk factor for stroke in atrial fibrillation patients: implications in thromboprophylaxis in the era of novel oral anticoagulants. J. Atr. Fibrillation. 2013;6(1):783. DOI: 10.4022/jafib.783.Lip G., Frison L., Grind M., SPORTIF Invetigators. Effect of hypertension on anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur. Heart J. 2007;28(6):752–759. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl504.Lip G., Frison L., Grind M., SPORTIF Invetigators. Effect of hypertension on anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur. Heart J. 2007;28(6):752–759. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl504.Esteve-Pastor M., Rivera-Caravaca J., Lip G. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: balancing stroke and bleeding risks. Am. J. Hypertens. 2017;30(11):1063–1065. DOI:10.1093/ajh/hpx135.Esteve-Pastor M., Rivera-Caravaca J., Lip G. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: balancing stroke and bleeding risks. Am. J. Hypertens. 2017;30(11):1063–1065. DOI:10.1093/ajh/hpx135.Lip G.Y.H., Coca A., Kahan T., Boriani G., Manolis A.S., Olsen M.H. et al. Hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias: a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and ESC Council on Hypertension, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLEACE). Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother. 2017;3(4):235–250. DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvx019.Lip G.Y.H., Coca A., Kahan T., Boriani G., Manolis A.S., Olsen M.H. et al. Hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias: a consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and ESC Council on Hypertension, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLEACE). Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother. 2017;3(4):235–250. DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvx019.Hung Y., Chao T.F., Liu C.J., Tuan T.C., Lin Y.J., Chang S.L. et al. Is an oral anticoagulant necessary for young atrial fibrillation patients with a CHA2DS2- VASc score of 1 (men) or 2 (women)? J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003839. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003839.Hung Y., Chao T.F., Liu C.J., Tuan T.C., Lin Y.J., Chang S.L. et al. Is an oral anticoagulant necessary for young atrial fibrillation patients with a CHA2DS2- VASc score of 1 (men) or 2 (women)? J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003839. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003839.Chao T.F., Liu C.J., Wang K.L., Lin Y.J., Chang S.L., Lo L.W. et al. Should atrial fibrillation patients with 1 additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2- VASc score (beyond sex) receive oral anticoagulation? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015;65(7):635–642. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.046.Chao T.F., Liu C.J., Wang K.L., Lin Y.J., Chang S.L., Lo L.W. et al. Should atrial fibrillation patients with 1 additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2- VASc score (beyond sex) receive oral anticoagulation? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015;65(7):635–642. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.046.Manolis A., Doumas M., Poulimenos L., Kallistratos M., Mancia G. The unappreciated importance of blood pressure in recent and older atrial fibrillation trials. J. Hypertens. 2013;31(11):2109–2117. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283638194.Manolis A., Doumas M., Poulimenos L., Kallistratos M., Mancia G. The unappreciated importance of blood pressure in recent and older atrial fibrillation trials. J. Hypertens. 2013;31(11):2109–2117. DOI: 10.1097/ HJH.0b013e3283638194.Laukkanen J.A., Khan H., Kurl S., Willeit P., Karppi J., Ronkainen K. et al. Left ventricular mass and the risk of sudden cardiac death: a populationbased study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001285. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001285.Laukkanen J.A., Khan H., Kurl S., Willeit P., Karppi J., Ronkainen K. et al. Left ventricular mass and the risk of sudden cardiac death: a populationbased study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001285. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001285.Lip G.Y.H. Atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension: trajectories of risk factors in yet another manifestation of hypertensive target organ damage. Hypertension. 2016;68(3):544–545. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07901.Lip G.Y.H. Atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension: trajectories of risk factors in yet another manifestation of hypertensive target organ damage. Hypertension. 2016;68(3):544–545. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07901.Conen D., Tedrow U.B., Koplan B.A., Glynn R.J., Buring J.E., Albert C.M. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Circulation. 2009;119(16):2146–2152. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830042.Conen D., Tedrow U.B., Koplan B.A., Glynn R.J., Buring J.E., Albert C.M. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Circulation. 2009;119(16):2146–2152. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830042.Grundvold I., Skretteberg P.T., Liestol K., Erikssen G., Kjeldsen S.E., Arnesen H. et al. Upper normal blood pressures predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-aged men: a 35-year follow-up study. Hypertension. 2012;59(2):198–204. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.179713.Grundvold I., Skretteberg P.T., Liestol K., Erikssen G., Kjeldsen S.E., Arnesen H. et al. Upper normal blood pressures predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-aged men: a 35-year follow-up study. Hypertension. 2012;59(2):198–204. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.179713.Conen D., Tedrow U.B., Koplan B.A., Glynn R.J., Buring J.E., Albert C.M. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Circulation. 2009;119:2146–2152. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830042.Conen D., Tedrow U.B., Koplan B.A., Glynn R.J., Buring J.E., Albert C.M. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Circulation. 2009;119:2146–2152. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830042.Chatterjee S., Bavishi C., Sardar P., Agarwal V., Krishnamoorthy P., Grodzicki T. et al. Meta-analysis of left ventricular hypertrophy and sustained arrhythmias. Am. J. Cardiol. 2014;114(7):1049–1052. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.015.Chatterjee S., Bavishi C., Sardar P., Agarwal V., Krishnamoorthy P., Grodzicki T. et al. Meta-analysis of left ventricular hypertrophy and sustained arrhythmias. Am. J. Cardiol. 2014;114(7):1049–1052. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.015.Pathak R.K., Middeldorp M.E., Lau D.H., Mehta A.B., Mahajan R., Twomey D. et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014;64(21):2222–2231. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.028.Pathak R.K., Middeldorp M.E., Lau D.H., Mehta A.B., Mahajan R., Twomey D. et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014;64(21):2222–2231. DOI: 10.1016/j. jacc.2014.09.028.Healey J.S., Connolly S.J. Atrial fibrillation: hypertension as a causative agent, risk factor for complications, and potential therapeutic target. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003;91(10A):9G–14G. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00227-3.Healey J.S., Connolly S.J. Atrial fibrillation: hypertension as a causative agent, risk factor for complications, and potential therapeutic target. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003;91(10A):9G–14G. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00227-3.Schoonderwoerd B.A., Smit M.D., Pen L., Van Gelder I.C. et al. New risk factors for atrial fibrillation: causes of ‘not-so-lone atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2008;10(6):668–673. DOI: 10.1093/europace/eun124.Schoonderwoerd B.A., Smit M.D., Pen L., Van Gelder I.C. et al. New risk factors for atrial fibrillation: causes of ‘not-so-lone atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2008;10(6):668–673. DOI: 10.1093/europace/eun124.Goldberger Z.D., Alexander G.C. Digitalis use in contemporary clinical practice: refittingthe foxglove. JAMA Intern. Med. 2014;174(1):151– 154. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10432.Goldberger Z.D., Alexander G.C. Digitalis use in contemporary clinical practice: refittingthe foxglove. JAMA Intern. Med. 2014;174(1):151– 154. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10432.Ahmed A., Rich M.W., Fleg J.L., Zile M.R., Young J.B., Kitzman D.W. et al. Effects of digoxin on morbidity andmortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial. Circulation. 2006;114(5):397–403. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628347.Ahmed A., Rich M.W., Fleg J.L., Zile M.R., Young J.B., Kitzman D.W. et al. Effects of digoxin on morbidity andmortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial. Circulation. 2006;114(5):397–403. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628347.Ziff O.J., Kotecha D. Digoxin: The good and the bad. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2016;26:585–595. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.03.011.Ziff O.J., Kotecha D. Digoxin: The good and the bad. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2016;26:585–595. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.03.011.Turakhia M.P., Santangeli P., Winkelmayer W.C., Xu X., Ullal A.J., Than C.T. et al. Increased mortality associated with digoxin in contemporary patients with atrialfibrillation: findings from the TREAT-AF study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014;64(7):660–668. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.060.Turakhia M.P., Santangeli P., Winkelmayer W.C., Xu X., Ullal A.J., Than C.T. et al. Increased mortality associated with digoxin in contemporary patients with atrialfibrillation: findings from the TREAT-AF study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014;64(7):660–668. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.060.Whitbeck M.G., Charnigo R.J., Khairy P., Ziada K., Bailey A.L., Zegarra M.M. et al. Increased mortality among patients taking digoxin – analysis from the AFFIRM study. Eur. Heart J. 2013;34(20):1481–1488. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs348.Whitbeck M.G., Charnigo R.J., Khairy P., Ziada K., Bailey A.L., Zegarra M.M. et al. Increased mortality among patients taking digoxin – analysis from the AFFIRM study. Eur. Heart J. 2013;34(20):1481–1488. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs348.Gheorghiade M., Fonarow G.C., van Veldhuisen D.J., Cleland J.G., Butler J., Epstein A.E. et al. Lack of evidence of increasedmortality among patients with atrial fibrillation taking digoxin: findings from post propensity-matched analysis of the AFFIRM trial. Eur. Heart J. 2013;34(20):1489–1497. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht120.Gheorghiade M., Fonarow G.C., van Veldhuisen D.J., Cleland J.G., Butler J., Epstein A.E. et al. Lack of evidence of increasedmortality among patients with atrial fibrillation taking digoxin: findings from post propensity-matched analysis of the AFFIRM trial. Eur. Heart J. 2013;34(20):1489–1497. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht120.Ulimoen S.R., Enger S., Pripp A.H., Abdelnoor M., Arnesen H., Gjesdal K., Tveit A. Calcium channel blockers improve exercise capacity and reduce N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels compared with beta-blockers in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Eur. Heart J. 2014;35(8):517–524. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht429.Ulimoen S.R., Enger S., Pripp A.H., Abdelnoor M., Arnesen H., Gjesdal K., Tveit A. Calcium channel blockers improve exercise capacity and reduce N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels compared with beta-blockers in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Eur. Heart J. 2014;35(8):517–524. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht429.Beevers D.G., Lip G.Y.H., O’Brien E. Measurement of blood pressure. Part 4. ABC of Hypertension. Fifth edition. BMJ. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing UK; 2007:1–32.Beevers D.G., Lip G.Y.H., O’Brien E. Measurement of blood pressure. Part 4. ABC of Hypertension. Fifth edition. BMJ. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing UK; 2007:1–32.Гориева Ш.Б., Рогоза А.Н. Точность измерения артериального давления при постоянной форме фибрилляции предсердий. Регулярные выпуски «РМЖ». 2013;(12):629–640.Gorieva Sh.B., Rogoza A.N. Accuracy of blood pressure measure ment with a constant form of atrial fibrillation. Regular Issues “RMJ”. 2013;(12):629–640 (In Russ.).Pickering T.G., Hall J.E., Appel L.J., Falkner B.E., Graves J., Hill M.N. et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2005;111(5):697–716. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000154900.76284.F6.Pickering T.G., Hall J.E., Appel L.J., Falkner B.E., Graves J., Hill M.N. et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2005;111(5):697–716. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000154900.76284.F6.Kaliujnaya V.S., Kalyuzhny S.I. The assessment of blood pressure in atrial fibrillation. Computers in Cardiology. 2005;32:287–290. DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2005.1588093.Kaliujnaya V.S., Kalyuzhny S.I. The assessment of blood pressure in atrial fibrillation. Computers in Cardiology. 2005;32:287–290. DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2005.1588093.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.