A case of clinical manifestation of unclassified cardiomyopathy during the new coronavirus pandemic

Isolated left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is a rare variant of unclassifiable cardiomyopathy (CMP). The basis of the clinical picture of non-compaction CMP is heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolism. Acute cardiac and extracardiac diseases can act as a trigger for the LVNC manifestation. The paper provides an example of diagnosing LVNC in an adult patient after acute myocarditis against the background of vaccination against a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. The characteristics of the ongoing therapy are given and the dynamics of the course of the disease over a period of five months of observation is reflected.

1. Maron B.J.; Towbin J.A.; Thiene G.; Antzelevitch C.; Corrado D.; Arnett D. et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation 2006;113(14):1807–1816. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287.

2. Elliott P.; Andersson B.; Arbustini E.; Bilinska Z.; Cecchi F.; Charron P. et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur. Heart J. 2008;29(2):270–276. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342.

3. Arbustini E.; Narula N.; Dec G.W.; Reddy K.S.; Greenberg B.; Kushwaha S. et al. The MOGE(S) classification for a phenotype-genotype nomenclature of cardiomyopathy: endorsed by the World Heart Federation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013;62(22):2046–2072. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1644.

4. Gati S.; Papadakis M.; Van Niekerk N.; Reed M.; Yeghen T.; Sharma S. Increased left ventricular trabeculation in individuals with sickle cell anaemia: Рhysiology or pathology? Int. J. Cardiol. 2013;168(2):1658– 1560. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.039.

5. Stähli B.E.; Gebhard C.; Biaggi P.; Klaassen S.; Valsangiacomo Buechel E. et al. Left ventricular non-compaction: prevalence in congenital heart disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 2013;167(6):2477–2481. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.095.

6. Bonnet M.; Craighero F.; Harbaoui B. Acute myocarditis with ventricular noncompaction in a COVID-19 patient. JACC Heart Fail. 2020;8(7):599– 600. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2020.05.004.

7. Gerecke B.J.; Engberding R. Noncompaction cardiomyopathy – history and current knowledge for clinical practice. J. Clin. Med. 2021;10(11):2457. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112457.

8. Murphy R.T.; Thaman R.; Blanes J.G.; Ward D.; Sevdalis E.; Papra E. et al. Natural history and familial characteristics of isolated left ventricular noncompaction. Eur. Heart J. 2005;26(2):187–192. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi025.

9. Chin T.K.; Perloff J.K.; Williams R.G.; Jue K.; Mohrmann R. Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases. Circulation. 1990;82(2):507–513. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.507.

10. Jenni R.; Oechslin E.; Schneider J.; Attenhofer Jost C.; Kaufmann P.A. Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular noncompaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2001;86(6):666–671. DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.6.666.

11. Petersen S.E.; Selvanayagam J.B.; Wiesmann F.; Robson M.D.; Francis J.M.; Anderson R.H. et al. Left ventricular noncompaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005;46(1):101–105. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.045.

12. Grothoff M.; Pachowsky M.; Hoffmann J.; Posch M.; Klaassen S.; Lehmkuhl L. et al. Value of cardiovascular MR in diagnosing left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy and in discriminating between other cardiomyopathies. Eur. Radiol. 2012;22(12):2699–2709. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2554-7.

13. Engberding R.; Stoellberger C.; Fehske W.; Gietzelt M.; Haux R.; Gerecke B.J. Predictors of adverse cardiac events in noncompaction cardiomyopathy: Data from the german noncompaction registrY (ALKK). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 2014;63(12_S):A1274. DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(14)61274-2.

14. Kobza R.; Jenni R.; Erne P.; Oechslin E.; Duru F. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with left ventricular noncompaction. Pacing. Clin. Electrophysiol. 2008;31(4):461–467. DOI: 10.1111/j.15408159.2008.01015.x.

15. Kobza R.; Steffel J.; Erne P.; Schoenenberger A.W.; Hürlimann D.; Lüscher T.F. et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular noncompaction. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(11):1545–1549. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.05.025.

16. Diaz G.A.; Parsons G.T.; Gering S.K.; Meier A.R.; Hutchinson I.V.; Robicsek A. Myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination for COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;326(12):1210–1212. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.13443.

17. D’Angelo T.; Cattafi A.; Carerj M.L.; Booz C.; Ascenti G.; Cicero G. et al. Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A vaccine-induced reaction? Can. J. Cardiol. 2021;37(10):1665–1667. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.05.010.

18. Nagano N.; Yano T.; Fujita Y.; Muranaka A.; Kokubu N.; Miura T. Hemodynamic collapse after influenza vaccination: А vaccine-induced fulminant myocarditis? Can. J. Cardiol. 2020;36(9):1554.е5–1554.е7. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.05.005.

19. Yamamoto H.; Hashimoto T.; Ohta-Ogo K.; Ishibashi-Ueda H.; Imanaka-Yoshida K.; Hiroe M. et al. A case of biopsy-proven eosinophilic myocarditis related to tetanus toxoid immunization. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2018;37:54–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2018.10003.

20. Vullaganti S.; Levine J.; Raiker N.; Syed A.A.; Collins J.D.; Carr J.C. et al. Fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with and without sarcomere gene mutations. Heart Lung Circ. 2021;30(10):1496–1501. DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.04.008.