Automatic optimization of heart valve prosthesis – a genetic algorithm-based approach

Introduction. The development of new and improvement of existing models of bioprosthetic heart valves is an important task of current engineering of medical devices. Developing the geometry of the key component of the prosthesis the valve apparatus can significantly improve its durability and, therefore, the clinical effectiveness of interventions on heart valves.

Aim: To develop a method for the automatic optimization of the leaflet apparatus of a heart valve prosthesis using the NSGA-II genetic algorithm. The primary goal is to reduce mechanical stress, enhance hydrodynamic efficiency, and improve biomechanical durability, ultimately increasing the lifespan of prosthetic valves and reducing the risk of complications.

Material and Methods. The study integrates parametric modeling, numerical analysis, and directed optimization. Leaflet geometry generation was performed using Python and computer-aided design (CAD) tools. Biomechanical analysis was conducted using the finite element method (FEM) in Abaqus/CAE. Optimization was implemented via the NSGA-II algorithm, which automatically selects balanced solutions based on multiple criteria: leaflet opening and closing area, mechanical stress levels, and deformation degree. A total of 250 generations of geometries were formed. The optimized design was prototyped using 3D printing with polymeric materials.

Results. The optimization process significantly reduced stress in the leaflet apparatus and improved its functional characteristics. The algorithm's performance showed that optimal parameter improvements occurred by the 42nd and 58th generations, after which the evolution of results stabilized. The final model demonstrated a moderate opening area (66% of the maximum, 2.7 cm²), minimal closing area (1%), maximum stress of 0.89 MPa, and no significant deformations. However, the 3D prototyping process revealed technical challenges, including defects caused by support structures during printing.

Conclusion. The developed automatic optimization algorithm for the leaflet apparatus of heart valve prostheses has proven effective in enhancing mechanical stability and hydrodynamic efficiency. This approach significantly reduces design time and minimizes subjective engineering decisions. However, the identified prototyping challenges necessitate further refinement, including alternative manufacturing methods. Future research will focus on improving material biocompatibility and experimental validation of the optimized models.

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