The study the effectiveness of the combined enterosorbent based on calcium hydroxyapatite in eimeriosis treatment

Introduction. Protozoal intestinal infections are quite common in the modern world. They cause severe clinical manifestations, and in some cases, more often, in countries with a hot climate, lead to death. This is due to the ability of the pathogen to enter the human body through water, fecal-oral or alimentary routes. In this regard, the development of a new safe and effective enterosorbent for protozoal diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract is relevant.

Aim: To study the effectiveness of the combined enterosorbent based on hydroxyapatite and compare the effectiveness of its use with colloidal silicon dioxide (Polysorb) in relation to protozoa (eimeria) in an experiment on rabbits.

Material and Methods. The development of a combined enterosorbent based on calcium hydroxyapatite and experimental treatment of laboratory animals (rabbits - 40 animals) infected with protozoal disease - eimeriosis was carried out. Four groups were formed: healthy control, infected control, infected experimental group, infected comparison group (comparison drug – Polysorb). The therapy was carried out for 5 days. The drugs were administered orally.

Results. It is shown that the use of a combined enterosorbent based on calcium hydroxyapatite in a daily dose of 0.05 g per 1 kg of body weight led to a decrease in the intensity of invasion of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits by oocysts by 80% compared with the control, and the use of colloidal silicon dioxide in a daily dose of 0.1-0.2 g per 1 kg of body weight by 49% compared with control.

Conclusion. The combined preparation based on calcium hydroxyapatite effectively reduces the intensity of invasion by oocysts of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits in the experiment. Its intensity efficiency exceeds the intensity of colloidal silicon dioxide by 31%.

1. Sebaa S., Behnke J.M., Baroudi D., Hakem A., Abu-Madi M.A. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal protozoan infection among symptomatic and asymptomatic populations in rural and urban areas of southern Algeria. BMC Infect. Dis. 2021;21(1):888. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06615-5.

2. Zhao D.Y., Jiang T.T., Chen W.Q., Zhang Y.L., Deng Y., Xu B.L. et al. Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among rural children in Henan Province from 2014 to 2015. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi. 2021;33(3):287–292. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2021074.

3. Bauhofer A.F.L., Cossa-Moiane I., Marques S., Guimarães E.L., Munlela B. Anapakala E. et al. Intestinal protozoan infections among children 0-168 months with diarrhea in Mozambique: June 2014 – January 2018. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2020;14(4):e0008195. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008195.

4. Toychiev A., Abdujapparov S., Imamov A., Navruzov B., Davis N., Badalova N. et al. Intestinal helminths and protozoan infections in patients with colorectal cancer: prevalence and possible association with cancer pathogenesis. Parasitology Research. 2018;117(12):3715–3723. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6070-9.

5. Nikeshina T.V., Arakelyan R.S., Shendo G.L., Kovalenko A.V., Kiseleva A.A., Arakelyants O.A. Contamination of water bodies of Astrakhan region with helminth-protozoan infestations. Perm. Medical Journal. 2022;39(1):94–103. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17816/pmj39194-103.

6. Olajide J.S., Qu Z., Yang S., Oyelade O.J., Cai J. Eimeria proteins: order amidst disorder. Parasites & Vectors. 2022;15(1):38. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05159-0.

7. Tenan M.R., Nicolle A., Moralli D., Verbouwe E., Jankowska J.D., Durin M.A. et al. Aluminum enters mammalian cells and destabilizes chromosome structure and number. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(17):9515. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179515.

8. Mold M., Cottle J., Exley C. Aluminium in brain tissue in epilepsy: A case report from Camelford. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019;16(12):2129. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122129.

9. Niu Q. Overview of the relationship between aluminum exposure and health of human being. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2018;1091:1–31. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1370-7_1.

10. Coulson J.M., Hughes B.W. Dose-response relationships in aluminium toxicity in humans. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2022;60(4):415–428. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2029879.

11. Tian E., Watanabe F., Martin B., Zangari M. Innate biomineralization. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(14):4820. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144820.

12. Cardoso G., Tondon A., Maia L., Cunha M.R., Zavaglia C., Kaunas R.R. In vivo approach of calcium defi cient hydroxyapatite fi ller as bone induction factor. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. Mater. Biol. Appl. 2019;(99):999–1006. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.060.

13. A method of processing bones to obtain hydroxyapatite. Patent RU 2642634 C1. Pivovarov A.V., Muktarov O.D. Date of registration: 29.03.2017. (In Russ.) URL: https://www.fips.ru/registers-doc-view/fips_servlet?DB=RUPAT&DocNumber=2642634&TypeFile=html (09.03.2023).

14. Methods of obtaining silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite and bioactive coating based on it. Patent RU 2635189 C1. Lyasnikova A.V., Lyasnikov V.N., Dudareva O.A., Markelova O.A., Grishina I.P., Pichkhidze S.Ya. Date of registration: 17.07.2016. (In Russ.) URL: https://www.fips.ru/registers-docview/fips_servlet?DB=RUPAT&DocNumber=2635189&-TypeFile=html (09.03.2023).

15. Katsui K., Takami S., Ohashi K., Otsuka H., Uni S., Shibahara T. et al. Molecular identifi cation of Eimeria species in liver and feces of naturally infected rabbits in Japan. Parasitology Research. 2022;121(9):2733–2738. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07580-x.

16. Burrell A., Tomley F.M., Vaughan S., Marugan-Hernandez V. Life cycle stages, specifi c organelles and invasion mechanisms of Eimeria species. Parasitology. 2020;147(3):263–278. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182019001562.

17. Heo I., Dutta D., Schaefer D.A., Iakobachvili N., Artegiani B., Sachs N. et al. Modelling Cryptosporidium infection in human small intestinal and lung organoids. Nature Microbiology. 2018;3(7):814–823. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0177-8.

18. Laurent F., Lacroix-Lamandé S. Innate immune responses play a key role in controlling infection of the intestinal epithelium by Cryptosporidium. International Journal for Parasitology. 2017;47(12):711–721. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.001.

19. Chai Y., Liu Z., Du Y., Wang L., Lu J., Zhang Q. et al. Hydroxyapatite reinforced inorganic-organic hybrid nanocomposite as high-performance adsorbents for bilirubin removal in vitro and in pig models. Bioactive Materials. 2021;6(12):4772–4785. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.017.